Essay on African American Personality - 640 Words

What is personality? How does it relate to Blacks? These are just a few of the questions that might surface when researching human personality. According to Websters Dictionary, personality is the totality of qualities and traits, as of character or behavior that are peculiar to a specific person. Personality is characterized by the collective character, behavioral, temperamental, emotional, and mental traits of a person. While personality relates to all persons, when studying Black personality, one must take into consideration the experiences of the African community as a whole. When discussing personality one must understand the differences between personality and black personality. While it may be difficult to find an†¦show more content†¦While it may seem as if these individual theories epitomize personality, it is a fact that personality is made up of each of these theories. Due to the fact that the majority of Blacks and Whites generally live in two separate cultures, it is important to understand that the current theories on personality may not explain black personality (Houston, 1990). While there have been many attempts to define Black personality from a Eurocentric point of view, many psychologist discovered that the research conducted from a western point of view have depicted negative portrayals of Blacks. According to a study conducted by Crain and Weisman the personality and behavioral traits that are exhibited more commonly in Blacks than in whites are characterized by high rates of violence and crimes, high rates of escapism, excessive apathy and timidity, low level learning in both academic and job related settings, and high levels of intrapersonal difficulties (Houston,1990). Although their may be some truth to the theory asserted by Crain and Weisman, many Black psychologist have found that the theories are not always true. Instead of pe rsonality being attributed to negative denotations, Black psychologist have developed an Afrocentric theory of personality which is characterized by rich spirituality, a black world-view, a commitment to black causes and a over drive to improve the black community (Azibo,1984, cited in Houston, 1990). While majority of the AfrocentricShow MoreRelatedEssay about Personality Differences: African Americans vs. Caucasians2228 Words   |  9 PagesPsychological Differences between African-American and Caucasian Individuals: An Endless Controversy Alana Carran Psychology 308K 7980 Semester 1209 Alana Carran Dawn K. 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Essay about Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18

Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make a lot of sense in the world. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make more sense. It would be better for the teens that drink on college campus. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because you can vote at eighteen, buy tobacco, it’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the law, evidence supports that early introduction of drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse, and college people that are not 21 drink also. If teenagers that are now turning 18 can vote, then they should be able to drink at the age of 18. If teens are 18 and old enough to vote, they should be able to drink. Saying they can vote, is calling them responsible and mature enough to pretty much vote. At age 18,†¦show more content†¦Tobacco, can give the person doing it buzzed or drunk and give them the risk of a disease. Therefore, in the long run, the person will probably regret doing tobacco. It’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the l aws. Teens find it exciting to break the law. Once they start breaking the law, it’ll get them addicted to the thrill of breaking the law. They’re going to want to keep breaking the law just to be cool. (â€Å"Reasons†). When they break the law, they think that since other people won’t do it, that it’s going to be cool to break the law and look bad. Most parents should know that almost all kids drink. If they know that their kids drink, why not let them have legally drink at 18, with not having their kids get in jail for drinking under age. (â€Å"Age†). For example, why would you go through the trouble if your child drinks and gets caught because they’re not 21 yet, but are in college and over 18 and you have to bail them out? Therefore most college kids aren’t even 21 yet, but are still exposed to alcohol and drink. Early introduction into drinking will reduce binge drinking. If people are introduced into drinking early, they’ll be drinking moderately. Scientific evidence supports that early introduction to drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse. Young people in France, Spain, and Argentina, rarely abuse alcohol. They start drinking within their families, which sees drinking in moderation as natural. They rarelyShow MoreRelatedLowering Legal Drinking Age Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Half the United States population starts drinking at the age of 14.When you are 18 you have privileges like joining the army. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) You can go to war and die for your country but you still can not enjoy an ice cold beer. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) How is being 21 different from being 18? How does three more years of not drinking make you mature enough to drink? 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Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesargument amongst Americans is determining that the current legal drinking age which is 21 should be lowered to eighteen or not. Researching the following propaganda made me understand the dangers to the youth and people in America if the drinking age were to lower. Therefore i will argue with whoever disagrees with me that the drinking age should be lowered. Id like to explain six reasons to why the drinking age should not be lowered beginning with the strongest reasons. First reason being is thatRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?853 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities around their friends to feel like they are a part of the team. Many people often wonder if the court of law stepped in and changed the age of drinking would this help the case of underage drinking. This proposed law would lower the drinking age to make the teenagers less rebellious and allow them to feel more like adults. 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The Role of the Expert Witness

Questions: 1. Discuss the requirements of competence to give expert evidence and consider whether Dr Jacobs is competent to give expert evidence in the relevant field?2. In order to be produced as evidence, what information ought Dr Jacobs report contain? What are the consequences of not including all of this information in the report; can it still be relied upon in court?3. Miss Turner, the solicitor representing TAYLOR has been served with a copy of Dr Jacobs report. She would like to clarify some issues with the expert and would like to ask the expert some questions. In the circumstances, is Miss Turner allowed to ask the expert such questions and if so, how should the answers to these questions be dealt with? 4. Who determines whether expert evidence is admissible and what factors will be taken into consideration when determining its admissibility. 5. Before trial, Counsel for TAYLOR indicated that she would like to cross examine the police informant. The Judge ruled that this was not possi ble. With reference to Public Interest Immunity discuss why you think the Judge has reached this conclusion? Answers: Introduction: In the course of a criminal proceeding there are several stages like production, charge, evidence (examination in chief and cross examination), argument and judgment. During the trial the most important phrase is the evidence period. In evidence period all the relevant evidence are presented before the court and in that phrase the statements of the witnesses are recorded in order to conclude the matter. As opined by Cryer (2010), depending upon the statements made by the witness in the stage of evidence, the Judge arrives at the judgment. If it is not possible for the court to ascertain any particular matter of fact relating to the case pending before the then the court may ask for an expert advice. In other words, depending upon the expert advice and believing on the competency of the expert in relation to that matter, the court takes the advice into consideration. As argued by Jacobs and Wendel (2010), in order to convince the adjudicator in a criminal proceeding the advice given by the expert is very influential. As per the criminal procedure code of the United Kingdom, advice provided by a competent expert is considered as a good evidence and the in case of any fault in the advice is soughed then the advice may be set aside but the expert will not be liable under the prosecution. In this particular article the researcher is going to analyze the current case study where Taylor along with the other defendants based on whom the research work is going to be conducted. The researcher in this section of the article is going to analyze what are the significant approaches needed to be applied in this context. It helps in developing the legislative assistance in this respect. The researcher is going to analyze the criminal proceedings. Apart from that within the purview of this revise the role of the expert as to its advice in a criminal proceeding are also to be elaborated. 1. Requirements of competence to provide expert evidence in a criminal trial: Anyone can be an expert provided that person must have good knowledge and experience regarding any particular discipline or filed which may be expected more than a general layman. In order to reach a just and sound decision the court takes into account the advice given by a person depending upon his immense amount of knowledge regarding any particular filed with an intention to assist the court of law to understand the issues (Zheng, 2014). As argued by Sloane (2011), any person who has more knowledge and experience than a layman upon a particular field for a long period of time can be consider as an expert of that particular field. In a court preceding the expert makes available his or her knowledge to the court in order to assist the court to understand that particular matter in relation to conclude the judgment. According to the rule 702 of the Federal Rule of Witness, a person may be qualified as an expert witness by skill, knowledge, experience, training or education. It may be testified in a form of opinion or otherwise: the knowledge of the expert regarding technical, scientific or any other special knowledge will assist. the testimony is depended upon the sufficient amount of data or fact. the testimony is based on reliable method and principals. application of the reliable method or principals upon the fact. As opined by George (2009), if any person posses immense amount of knowledge and experience upon any particular field and that knowledge is beyond to be expected from a general layman then such a person may be consider as an expert of that field. An expert should have the intension to assist the court in relation to settle the disputes by eliminating the ambiguous portion of the facts pending before the court. In the case of Phillips Ors v Symes Ors, the court of law held that an advice provided to the court in relation to understand any particular matter can be taken into consideration if that advice has been given by a person who has more knowledge and experience in that filed than a general individual. The basic criteria for a person to be consider as an expert is that the person must have good knowledge and vast experience in relation to any particular field and that knowledge have to be far beyond than the other individuals. Cresswell, J. has identified the basic responsibilities of an expert witness those are;1. The advice given by the expert must be independent and uninfluenced. If there is any report from the expert then the report must be prepared with due diligence.2. An expert advice has to be unbiased and has been given with an intension to assist the court to understand the ambiguous elements.3. An expert advice should not be given by considering the role of the advocates in the proceedings.4. The facts and assumptions should be mentioned by the expert depending upon which the advice or report has been formed.5. If the any particular issue is beyond the scope of his expertise then it should be notified to the court.6. If an expert opinion is not adequately researched due to lack of sufficient data then it has to be mentioned before the court and also to be mentioned that the given opinion is not more than a provisional one.7. In an expert report the qualification as to the truth must be mentioned .8. After submission of an expert report if there is any change that is to be needed in that report then it must be communicated with the court immediately. In the case of Derby Co. Ltd. and Others v. Weldon and Others, the court of law held that good knowledge and experience forms expertise but only expertise is not sufficient to be taken into account as an expert in court proceedings but the expertise should be enough capable to eliminate the ambiguities to help the court to understand the fact by the application of the expert knowledge. Competency of Dr. Jacobs: As per the given information Dr. Jacobs have good knowledge and experience in the field of forensic science. He is doing work for last ten years into the forensic filed which is a very long period of time. Apart from that Dr. Jacobs has been specialist in relation to mobile phone forensic and he has immense knowledge and experience in the field of data recovery and GPS placement. Dr. Jacobs regularly practices the works relating to mobile data recovery, location tracking, acquisition of phone evidence etc and has been recognized as one of the best practice conducer in this field. Apart from that Dr. Jacobs has made his knowledge available to the court of law in order to decide the case with reference to the report given by him. Due to his immense experience and knowledge it can be consider that his knowledge is far beyond that to be expected from a layman. In the case of Polivitte Ltd v. Commercial Union Assurance Co. Plc, the court of law held that an opinion can be consider as an expert opinion if such an opinion is provided by person who expertise knowledge and experience in that field and such an opinion has been formed with the application of the knowledge and experience with due diligence and with proper research. Without additional knowledge than the normal layman upon any particular matter or field no person can be considered as an expert of that field. Experience of any expert indicates the nature of responsibility and credential of the expert. As opined by Jefferson (2007), if an report or advice given to the court by person who has expertise knowledge regarding that field then such a report shall be consider as an expert report or expert advice. Long experience and vast knowledge are the two basic criteria to form expertise upon any particular matter. For considering any person as an expert relating to any particular field the intension of that person in relation to assist the court upon the expertise matter is also an essential element. Apart from that the amount of responsibility vested upon that person is also taken in to consideration as to the formation of any expert advice. As argued by Garoupa (2009), expertise is constructed depending upon the knowledge and experience of the person upon the subject matter. In the legal field exert opinion is one of the most significant portion in a criminal trial. Expert report and expert advice to provided to the court with due diligence and if there is any scope of uncertainty then it has to be notified to the court of law to whom the advice or report has been provided. Hence, it has became easy to that Dr. Jacobs has all the quality to be consider as an expert in the field of mobile forensic. His experience, knowledge and regular dealings with the same kind of subject matter and his intension to assist the court in relation to eliminate the ambiguities is enough capable to convince the court to consider Dr. Jacobs as an expert of that field. 2. Information that should be provided in the expert report: As stated by DiacÃÅ'Å’ikovaÃÅ'  (2010), in a criminal trial where the adjudication is depended upon the expert advice or the expert report relating to any particular matter, the expert report should posses the followings;1. The report must be firm and constructed with due diligence and proper application of knowledge.2. If there is any scope of ambiguity or any kind of adversity then it has to be mentioned in the report.3. If the subject matter falls beyond the purview of the expertise then it has to be mentioned to the court.4. If due to insufficient data the report has not been formed proper research then it has to be mentioned in the report.5. All the information and details that leads the conclusion of the report should be provided in the report and in relation to that if there is any questionnaire or issue which has been assumed for the purpose of formation of the report then such issues and questionnaire has to be specified in the report. 6. In the case of Whitehouse v. Jordan, the court of law held that all the issues and sources should be given in every expert report. If there is any problem that has beenfaced the expert while conducting the research procedure then such issues should be mentioned in that report. Depending upon an expert report, the court forms decision regarding any particular case. So, it is the duty of the expert to mention all the facts and circumstances relating to the research and conclusion of the report.7. Green and the legal society of Scotland held observed that an expert report should be independent, uninfluenced and unbiased. All the points that lead to the final decision of the report should be specified in the report for the purpose of easy understanding and identification of the grounds of the decision by the adjudicators. In this regard the report made by Dr. Jacobs should encompass with all the facts and scenario that led Dr. Jacobs to construct the conclusion of the report by stating that between 8am to 9am that phone was located in that area where the crime has been committed. Regardless, in the report Dr. Jacobs should mention about the facts relating to the owner of the mobile phone. Before specifying the location of the mobile Dr. Jacobs should provide sufficient evidence or document regarding that the mobile phone was in the possession of Taylor while it was located in the crime spot or it would be enough that the mobile phone belongs to Taylor. As opined by Parkinson (2010), apart from the main fact in issue all the related and subsidiary facts in issue should be mentioned in the expert report because of its delicate role in the judicial system. Consequences as to exclusion of information in the expert report: As opined by PolesÃÅ'† cÃÅ'† uk and Komarov (2011), it has been observed that if an expert report is not prepared with due diligence and the entire necessary requirements are not accomplished by the expert in his report then the court of law by applying its discretionary power may set aside the expert report or may order for further formation of the report in relation to the matter in issue. The English common law has recognized that the expert report is one of the most important aspects in the evidence period of any trial. Depending upon the expert report the merit of the case is determined and the decision of the case is also get influenced by the adequate expert report. In this regard the expert report should be formed properly and if there is any uncertainty relating to the authenticity or elements of the report then the court of law may reject the application of the report (Stutsman, 2014). In the case of R v Dallagher, it is the duty of the expert to mention all relevant facts and issues in the expert report. The nature of an expert report is very delicate in the judicial system and it is an influential aspect in relation to the formation of any decision or order. Conversely, if there is any doubt regarding the contents of the report then application of that report may be a compromise with the justice, hence, it should be rejected by the court or may call for the formation of a fresh expert report. In the famous American case of Daubert v Merrell, it was observed that an expert report is enough capable to change the entire scenario of a case, especially as to the decision or order given in relation to that case. For that reason if there is any scope of ambiguity in the concern expert report then the judiciary should not accept it. Though if the report has been made with due diligence in relation to the fact in issue and all research conducted in favour of the report in a satisfactory manner then depending upon the discretionary power the court may not reject such an expert report but the court may order to mention the relevant grounds regarding the conclusion of the report. In the case of R v Gilfoyle, the court of law held that an expert report should be prepared independently and the judicial system should have faith on the credential of the expert in relation to its report but due to the delicate nature of the expert reports, if there any scope of indecency then the court may immediately reject the report but in this regard the expert cannot be brought into any legal action though if the expert found guilty under the provision of any relevant law in force then the expert may be penalized. Reliability in case of exclusion: In the case of R v Walker, it has been observed that if the expert report is prepared by the concern expert with due diligence and by the application of proper knowledge and experience and if it is showed from the contents of the report then in spite of the fact that there is some of the element is not mentioned, the reliability of the report will remain same (Trotter, 2013). As opined by Schabas (2009), if in a criminal case the expert the decision of the case is mainly depends upon the expert opinion or the expert report and from the report it has been indicated that the report has been constructed appropriately along with reasonable diligence then that report should be accepted by the court though there may be some of the elements missing. But if the report is not prepared adequately then in spite of encompassing all the facts the report should be rejected by the court. Hence, it can be said that the reliability of the report shall depend upon the procedure based upon which the report has been formed and also the necessity of the report in relation to determine the crime and the meanse rea of the case. If the contents of the report are capable to indicate the authenticity of the report then it may be accepted otherwise there is no option for the court but to reject it. 3. Miss Turner may ask the questions to the expert only at the stage of cross examination. Mostly, in the cross examination questions asked by the defence lawyer in relation to the statements made by the witness in the examination in chief, taken by the Public Prosecutor. But if there is any ambiguity relating to the document provided by the expert then the defence lawyer is entitled to ask the relevant questions. As opined by Stafford Smith (2012), all the implied and expressed statement made in the procedure of examination in chief during the evidence period of any case, are liable to be cross examined by the other side. During the process of cross examination the defence lawyer is entitled to get clarified by the witness in relation to all ambiguity relating to the statements made in the chief examination. In the case of R v Randall, the court of law held that all documents submitted by the prosecution in a criminal trial are liable to be cross examined, especially if those documents are submitted depending upon the credential of any person. The person who has formed any document and that has been submitted to the court of law for the purpose of adjudication of any particular case then such a person may be cross examined based upon such document submitted (Simon, 2012). In this regard the document that is the expert report which has been submitted to the court by the prosecution may be consider as evidence provided in chief and for that reason the law permits the defence lawyer Miss Turner to cross examine the producer of the document in relation to its contents and the procedure of its formation. Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 permits the defence lawyer to cross examine all documents submitted by the prosecution. Sec. 6A of the act specified about the defence statements in a criminal proceeding. The mentioned statute is also permits the defence to clarify all doubts regarding the documents as evidence against the accused. Sec. 6A considers all documents submitted in trial by the prosecution as the documents against the accused and it is capable of being questioned (Padfield, 2006). As argued by Emanuel (2009), any document or evidence used against the accused is liable to be crossed by the defence attorney and if there any ambiguity on the part of the accused then it may be resolved during the process of cross examination in the trial. Depending upon the evidences and the arguments the court of law forms judgment. In the case of R v Turner. Keane, the court of law observed that in the judicial system of United Kingdom, the English common law has given the right to the defence in a criminal trial to examine all statements made against the accused person and in the course of the evidence period, Ld. Attorneys are entitled to take the evidences either by examination in chief or by cross examination (Mcivor, 2013). Hence, it has became clear that the defence lawyer that is Miss Turner is entitled to question the expert in relation to the report submitted into the court as an expert report. The statements made by the expert while answering the questions of the attorney shall go into the record, depending upon which the decision shall be made by the judge. Questions to be dealt with: In this regard all questions that are to be asked by the defence attorney Miss Turner to be answered by the expert very gradually and with full authenticity by the concern expert. If there is any ambiguity regarding the contents of the report and in relation to that any question asked by Miss Turner then it has to be clarified by the expert and the expert should indicate about his clear and unambiguous knowledge regarding the subject matter (Madhloom, 2012). As opined by Fletcher and Christopher (2013), it is the responsibility of the witness to answer all the relevant questions regarding the matter in dispute and it is not only essential for clarifying the ambiguity of the accused as well as the attorney but also significant for the court as depending upon the statements of the witnesses the adjudicator pronounces the judgment. Bridge, J. stated in a number of cases that in the course of cross examination the faults and drawbacks of the investigation in criminal case can be identified by the court and the statements has large significance in the trial. It is the duty of every witness to state the words carefully as a mere mistake may change the entire scenario of the case. In the course of the cross examination it is the responsibility of the witness to clarify all ambiguities regarding the statement made in the process of examination in chief (Mackenzie, 2011). Hence, it is the duty of the expert to answer all questions asked to him by Miss Turner regarding the statements made by him before and also about the contents of the report. Even the procedure of making the report by the expert may be asked and it has to be answered by the expert in gradual manner with diligence and all answer shall be made as to the best knowledge of the expert. 4. At the time of a criminal proceeding the adjudicator is the supreme authority in relation to decide any fact or issue relating such a case. The expert report provided to the court by the prosecution is subject to the acceptance by the judge adjudicating the matter. The judge by applying the discretionary power may exclude any material from the expert report and the admittance of the expert advice is also depends upon discretion of the judge while adjudicating the matter. If at the time adjudicating a criminal preceding the judge is satisfied regarding the authenticity and the quality of the expert report then the judge may make such a report admissible in that criminal case (Juss, 2014). As opined by Herlin-Karnell (2012), in any court proceedings the supreme legal authority is the judge. Only judge has the power to apply the laws into the case pending before the court. Whether any document, report, advice or statement is admissible in a criminal case or is completely depends upon the discretion of the judge. In case of an expert report the judge may appoint an assessor for the purpose suggestions in relation to the admittance of such report but the final verdict depends upon the discretion of the court (Jefferson, 2007). In the case of R. v. Mohan, the court of held that the acceptance or admittance of any expert report is subject to the adjudication of the judge before whom the matter is pending. If the court is not satisfied with the elements and the process of formation of the report or the report has been constructed in such a manner that the point of ambiguity remain same then the judge may reject the report may call for a further report to be submitted (Herring, 2007). In the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, it has been observed by the court of law that in a court proceeding there is no one other than the judge is empowered to take decision regarding the admittance or non-admittance of any relevant document in relation to the case pending before the court. Though if necessary then by applying the discretionary power of the court an assessor may be appointed by the curt in relation to provide suggestions relating to the level of acceptability of any particular type of documents (Henham, 2009). As argued by Jackson and Summers (2012), in any court proceeding no decision can be formed by anyone other than the judge holding the adjudicating position in that case. The judge is empowered to take all the necessary decisions in relation to conclude any case pending before the court. The judicial system of United Kingdom does not permit any person but the acting judge to take decision regarding any portion of the case though advice may be taken by the court relating to any particular matter (Hamin et al., 2014). Hence, while deciding a criminal case the admittance of any expert report is completely depends upon the judge. No one is empowered other than the judge, to take any decision regarding the admissibility of the expert report in any case pending before the court. 5. The judge of the case held such a decision because of the following grounds; The Crown court has recognized the principals of Public Interest Immunity. It has been identified that in the course of investigation of a criminal case the police authority may come into an interaction with a number sensitive and delicate issue which may affect the case from the part of the prosecution or may be from the part of the accused. On the other hand, the risk of compromising with the public safety cannot be ignored. Hence any fact relating to the investigation procedure of a criminal case should not be disclosed (Hale, 2014). The crown court also held that disclosure of material fact relating to the police reports or the investigation process depends upon the merit of the case. Depending upon the scenario and the facts of the case the court may order the prosecution to show the relevant documents. The defence has the liberty to challenge the decision of the court in relation to disclosure of the documents (Grace, 2014). The provisions of the Criminal Procedure and Investigation Act 1996 states that any document relating to the police reports or the police investigation of a case should not be disclosed to the defence and the matters should be kept in the hands of the Judge and the prosecution (Gowland and Walker, 2014). Part 25 of the Criminal Procedure Rules 2005 has recognized the concept of Public Interest Immunity. In this part of the statute it is mentioned that for the purpose of public safety and for securing the merit of the case, any fact relating to the investigation of the case should not be disclosed to anyone other than the judge and the prosecution. Disclosure may cause harm to the prosecution and may inflict some sought of undue benefit to the accused. Apart from the further investigation procedure may be hampered due to disclosure of the material facts relating to the investigation of the case (Gowland and Walker, 2011). Attorney Generals Guideline of UK has specified that any disclosure as to the material fact in relation to investigation process of any case may not only cause damage to the further investigation but it is enough capable to change the way of the case and may influence the decision of the court in wrong way. All material facts relating to investigation process should be kept only to the judge and to the prosecutor (Davies, 2010). As opined by Cryer (2010), the court of appeal protocol has recognized the importance of secrecy of the material facts relating to police investigation as it may play an influential role in the investigation procedure and it may also violate the rule of the equity and justice. Disclosure of any relevant fact of the investigation procedure to the defence or to any other person apart from the judge and prosecution may affect the entire judicial procedure of the case but if there is anything mandatory to disclose then the defence lawyer may appeal before the court of law relating to such disclosure (Chalmers, 2013). Section 21 of the CPIA 1996 has introduced a new set of law by set aside the traditional common law in relation to the duty of the prosecutor to disclose the material facts relating to investigation of the case. Now the section says that there is no duty on the shoulders of the prosecution to disclose the materials relating to police investigation even on the demand of the documents by the defence the prosecution is bound to provide it (Arnell, 2013). On the other hand, section 7A (8) of the CPIA 1996 states that the prosecution should not disclose any relevant document to the defence without the prior permission of the court in such regard. By the order of the court the prosecutor should disclose the material facts of investigation of the case (Emsley, 2008). As stated by Schabas (2009), disclosure of any fact relating it police investigation may cause damage to the secret cources of the police, the method of investigation, the current position of investigation and also to the public interest as all these elements are not only concern about a single case rather it will harm the future investigation process on other cases. It could be a great drawback for the public interest (Naughton, 2010). In the case of Conway v Rimmer, the House of Lords observed that Public Interest Immunity should have the upper hand in every criminal proceeding. Not only for the interest of the public equity nut also for the purpose of protecting the fundamentals of the case pending before the court, any material fact in relation to the investigation procedure conducted by the police should not be disclosed to any person other than the judge and the prosecutor (Bohlander, 2009). Conclusion: After the above discussion it can be summarized that in a criminal case the role of an expert witness is one of the most important elements. The credential of the expert depends upon the accomplishment of the rules framed by various laws of the nation. The discretion of the court has the supreme power to adjudicate the merit of the case along with the admittance of the relevant documents in relation to the case pending before the court of law. At the last the application of the rule of Public Interest Immunity (PII) upon the case has superiority over the other facts. References Books: Bohlander, M. (2009).Principles of German criminal law. Oxford, UK: Hart. Cryer, R. (2010).An introduction to international criminal law and procedure. Cambridge [UK]: Cambridge University Press. Cryer, R. (2010).An introduction to international criminal law and procedure. Cambridge [UK]: Cambridge University Press. DiacÃÅ'Å’ikovaÃÅ' , A. (2010).Flexible films and packaging in the Czech and Slovak Republics, Poland and Hungary. Bristol, UK: Plastics Information Direct. Emanuel, S. (2009).Criminal procedure. Austin: Wolters Kluwer, Law Business. Emsley, J. (2008).Molecules of murder. Cambridge, UK: RSC Pub. Fletcher, G. and Christopher, R. (2013).Fletcher's essays on criminal law. OXford [UK]: Oxford University Press. Garoupa, N. (2009).Criminal law and economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. George, D. (2009).Lonely Planet's guide to travel writing. Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet. Herlin-Karnell, E. (2012).The Constitutional Dimension of European Criminal Law. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Jackson, J. and Summers, S. (2012).The internationalisation of criminal evidence. Cambridge, UK: New York. Jacobs, C. and Wendel, I. (2010).The everything health guide to adult ADD/ADHD. Avon, Mass.: Adams Media. Jefferson, M. (2007).Criminal law. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Naughton, M. (2010).The Criminal Cases Review Commission. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Parkinson, M. (2010).How to master psychometric tests. London: Kogan Page. PolesÃÅ'† cÃÅ'† uk, O. and Komarov, E. (2011).Expert fuzzy information processing. Berlin: Springer. Schabas, W. (2009).Genocide in international law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Schabas, W. (2012).International criminal law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Sloane, P. (2011).A guide to open innovation and crowdsourcing. London, UK: Kogan Page. Stafford Smith, C. (2012).The injustice system. New York: Viking. Journal Articles: Arnell, P. (2013). The European Human Rights Influence upon UK Extradition Myth Debunked.European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 21(3-4), pp.317-337. Chalmers, I. (2013). The UK Medical Research Council and clinical trials, 1934-1960.Trials, 14(Suppl 1), p.I1. Davies, G. (2010). Identification: A continuing problem for law and psychology, Witness identification in criminal cases. R. Wilcock, R. Bull and R. Milne. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 2008. No. of pages 206. ISBN 978-0-19-921693-2.Appl. Cognit. Psychol., 24(5), pp.744-745. Gowland, H. and Walker, M. (2011). Food allergy, a summary of recent cases in the criminal and civil courts of the UK.Clinical and Translational Allergy, 1(Suppl 1), p.O1. Gowland, M. and Walker, M. (2014). Food allergy, a summary of eight cases in the UK criminal and civil courts: effective last resort for vulnerable consumers?.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, p.n/a-n/a. Grace, J. (2014). Old Convictions Never Die, They Just Fade Away: The Permanency of Convictions and Cautions for Criminal Offences in the UK.The Journal of Criminal Law, 78(2), pp.121-135. Hale, L. (2014). UK Constitutionalism on the March?.Judicial Review, 19(4), pp.201-208. Hamin, Z., Rosalili Wan Rosli, W., Omar, N. and Armadajaya Pengiran Awang Mahmud, A. (2014). Configuring criminal proceeds in money laundering cases in the UK.J of Money Laundering Control, 17(4), pp.374-384. Henham, R. (2009). Towards Restorative Sentencing in International Criminal Trials.International Criminal Law Review, 9(5), pp.809-832. Herring, J. (2007).Criminal law. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Jefferson, M. (2007).Criminal law. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Juss, S. (2014). The Notion of Complicity in UK Refugee Law.Journal of International Criminal Justice, 12(5), pp.1201-1216. Mackenzie, S. (2011). Dealing in cultural objects: a new criminal law for the UK.ac, 2007(71). Madhloom, L. (2012). Exporting Waste Material: Compatibility of EU and UK Regulations.The Journal of Criminal Law, 76(1), pp.6-10. Mcivor, C. (2013). DEBUNKING SOME JUDICIAL MYTHS ABOUT EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO UK TORT LAW.Medical Law Review, 21(4), pp.553-587. Padfield, N. (2006).Criminal law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Simon, J. (2012). Precautionary Criminalisation in an Age of Vulnerable Autonomy.Criminal Law, Philosophy, 6(2), pp.277-279. Stutsman, T. (2014). Book Review: Chinese criminal trials: A comprehensive empirical inquiry.International Criminal Justice Review, 24(2), pp.204-206. Trotter, A. (2013). Pre-Conviction Detention in International Criminal Trials.Journal of International Criminal Justice, 11(2), pp.351-377. Zheng, Y. (2014). Courtroom setups in China's criminal trials.Semiotica, 2014(201).

Mexican Economy Essays (4634 words) - Military History Of Mexico

Mexican Economy I. Historical, Population, Culture, Political, and Economic Information History Mexico was the site of some of the earliest and most advanced civilizations in the western hemisphere. The Mayan culture, according to archaeological research, attained its greatest development about the 6th century AD. Another group, the Toltec, established an empire in the Valley of Mexico and developed a great civilization still evidenced by the ruins of magnificent buildings and monuments. The leading tribe, the Aztec, built great cities and developed an intricate social, political, and religious organization. Their civilization was highly developed, both intellectually and artistically. The first European explorer to visit Mexican territory was Francisco Fern?ndez de C?rdoba, who in 1517 discovered traces of the Maya in Yucat?n. In 1535, some years after the fall of the Aztec capital, the basic form of colonial government in Mexico was instituted with the appointment of the first Spanish viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza. A distinguishing characteristic of colonial Mexico was the expl oitation of the Native Americans. Although thousands of them were killed during the Spanish conquest, they continued to be the great majority of inhabitants of what was referred to as New Spain, speaking their own languages and retaining much of their native culture. Inevitably they became the laboring class. Their plight was the result of the 'encomienda' system, by which Spanish nobles, priests, and soldiers were granted not only large tracts of land but also jurisdiction over all Native American residents. A second characteristic of colonial Mexico was the position and power of the Roman Catholic church. Franciscan, Augustinian, Dominican, and Jesuit missionaries entered the country with the conquistadores. The Mexican church became enormously wealthy through gifts and bequests that could be held in perpetuity. Before 1859, when church holdings were nationalized, the church owned one-third of all property and land. A third characteristic was the existence of rigid social classes: the Native Americans, the mestizos, mixed Spanish and Native American (an increasingly large group during the colonial era), black slaves which were brought from Africa and the Caribbean, freed blacks and white Mexicans. The white Mexicans were themselves divided. Highest of all classes was that of the peninsulares, those born in Spain, as opposed to the criollos, or Creoles?people of pure European descent who had been born and raised in New Spain. The peninsulares were sent from Spain to hold the highest colonial offices in both the civil and church administrations. The peninsulars held themselves higher than the criollos, who were almost never given high office. The resentment of the criollos became an influential force in the later movement for independence. In 1808 the viceroy, under pressure from influential criollos, permitted them to participate in the administration. Other peninsular officials objected and expelled the viceroy. In the midst of these factional struggles a po litical rebellion was begun by the Mexican people. Mexico has been rocked by political rebellion during most of its entire history in one way or another. Under the various dictatorships that Mexico found itself under at times in history, it made tremendous advances in economic and commercial development. Many of the new undertakings were financed and managed by foreigners (mostly American and European). This was and continues to be a major factor in the discontent of most Mexicans. Moreover, the government favored the rich owners of large estates, increasing their properties by assigning them communal lands that belonged to the Native Americans. When the Native Americans revolted, they were sold into peonage. Discontent, anger and a spirit of revolt continued to grow throughout Mexico. Madero was elected president in 1911, but was not forceful enough to end the political strife. Other rebel leaders, particularly Emiliano Zapata and Francisco (Pancho) Villa, completely refused to sub mit to presidential authority. Victoriano Huerta, head of the Madero army, conspired with the rebel leaders and in 1913 seized control of Mexico City. New armed revolts under Zapata, Villa, and Venustiano Carranza began, and Huerta resigned in 1914. Carranza took power in the same year, and Villa at once declared war on him. In addition to the ambitions of rival military leaders, intervention by foreign governments seeking to protect the interests of their nationals added to the confusion. In August 1915, a commission representing eight Latin

My Career Essays

My Career Essays My Career Essay My Career Essay Currently, this is the path open to me. I Am currently a Care Assistant for which I needed no formal qualifications to be, however, an NVQ level 2 or the equivalent of would mean I am entitled to a higher rate of pay.The next step is the Senior Carer, In order to apply you must have, or be in the process of studying for, your NVQ level 3 or equivalent thereof. The Staff Handbook and Greensleeves website has this information. After the Senior Carer, the company has at times, employed a Senior Supervisor. The qualifications needed for this are the same as the Senior Carer but is for those people who are trying to make a career in the care industry and are given a more office bask role than a Senior would have.It is not always a position that is in use, the Home manager has the option to recruit someone for this role. They would be expected to take an active part in the training of staff and help out with the managing of the home on a much higher level than the Seniors do. * At the moment, the next step is to get your NVQ Level 5 (or equivalent) and apply for the position of * Deputy Manager, at the moment there is one deputy but soon, with the expansion of our home there will be a second Deputy to assist the manager.With the expansion comes the possibility that we will become a nursing home and should that arise, the home manager has advised me that the Company may consider putting members of staff through Nursing College to get their RGN status and their PIN. Should this happen then that would be an option and should I go that way it may open up another whole avenue of potential but for now, I include only for the purpose of a complete picture. * * Finally the last spot I have on my path is the Registered Home Manager.This position is generally given to those who have a a Level 5 (at least) and several years experience within the Care Industry. I hope one day to reach this level but it’s a long way off and I may change my career plans later on to maybe branch off to do training or Nursing so I included it on my path but the future is always in motion and I have not looked into this too much but the Home Manager is more than happy to discuss the requirements when and if I ask him.

How to Write About Ranges

How to Write About Ranges How to Write About Ranges How to Write About Ranges By Mark Nichol A range is, in written expression, the numerical difference between or among two or more values, or a pair of elements denoting the end points on, and perhaps one or more elements along, a continuum. Using sentences with errors in expressing ranges, this post discusses how to correctly do so in writing. The school enrolls students in grades 9 12. The correct treatment of a range numbers expressed in numerals is one number followed by an en dash (although some publications employ a hyphen) and another number, with no letter spaces: â€Å"The school enrolls students in grades 9–12.† This style, with a numeral range, is correct even when a publication uses a style system in which references to numbers are usually spelled out if the number is one hundred or less. However, if the range is expressed with to (or through) instead of a dash, the numbers should, in that case, be spelled out: â€Å"The school enrolls students in grades nine to twelve.† Operating hours are from 9 a.m.–10 p.m. If from precedes the expression of a number range, to, rather than a dash, should intervene between the two values: â€Å"Operating hours are from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.† (If a dash is preferred, delete from: â€Å"Operating hours are 9 a.m.–10 p.m.†) Only a handful of school districts within a 30-40 mile radius rank among the top twenty-five school districts. The solution for this example is not simply to replace the hyphen with a dash; the range must be recast as shown here: â€Å"Only a handful of school districts within a 30- to 40-mile radius rank among the top twenty-five school districts.† The expressed range is not â€Å"30–40†; it is â€Å"a 30-mile radius to 40-mile radius,† with the first value truncated to the number and a suspensive hyphenation. (This range can also be expressed â€Å"a radius of 30 to 40 miles.†) Qualifying businesses are those with revenues of $10–$20 billion. This sentence suggests that the low end of the range is $10, rather than $10 billion. Except in the case of suspensive hyphenation, values should be fully expressed: â€Å"Qualifying businesses are those with revenues of $10 billion–$20 billion.† The sanctions impact the economy broadly, affecting business transactions ranging from the import of airplanes; the export of caviar, carpets, and pistachios; and the manufacturing of cars. The sequence of phrases specifying trade and production of goods does not constitute a list; it is a range that includes three elements. From must be complemented by to, and the semicolons are extraneous and intrusive: â€Å"The sanctions impact the economy broadly, affecting business transactions ranging from the import of airplanes to the export of caviar, carpets, and pistachios and the manufacturing of cars.† These range from restricting access for the sanctioned entity to the US financial system, to prohibitions on investing in a sanctioned entity, to restrictions on imports from the sanctioned entity, to the exclusion from the U.S. of controlling officers or controlling shareholders of a sanctioned entity. Elements consisting of a sequence of phrases indicating a range and beginning with one element preceded by from and one or more subsequent elements preceded by to should not be interrupted by punctuation: â€Å"These sanctions range from restricting access for the sanctioned entity to the US financial system to prohibitions on investing in a sanctioned entity to restrictions on imports from the sanctioned entity to the exclusion from the United States of controlling officers or controlling shareholders of a sanctioned entity.† If the sentence is not clear without punctuation, recast the sentence. In many cases, including the sentence used as an example here, the use of from and to as signifiers of a range is not necessary, as a given sequence may not necessarily indicate a range that implies priority of one phrase over another. (Here, the sequence does not explicitly express increasingly strict sanctions, though they may be inferred to be so.) When this is true, simply revise the sentence to express a simple list: â€Å"These sanctions include restricting access for the sanctioned entity to the US financial system, prohibitions on investing in a sanctioned entity, restrictions on imports from the sanctioned entity, and the exclusion from the United States of controlling officers or controlling shareholders of a sanctioned entity.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtHow to Pronounce MobileTrooper or Trouper?

Compulsory Purchase and Compensation Literature review

Compulsory Purchase and Compensation - Literature review Example There were statutory warnings and objections that were received during this period. In a 10-year period, there was lower than 25% of confirmed CPOs who went to public inquiry (Shaw, 2011). There were many local projects that have got promotions in the last five years. But the compulsory purchase was routed through different channels. The best examples for this were two: one was the Borders and Stirling-Alloa-Kincardine land acquisition, which was for a major railways project. And the other one was the authorization of the Edinburgh trams through private legislation (Shaw, 2011). This was put in force by the Scottish Parliament instead of a CPO (DETR, 2000). In the current scenario, there are some glaring examples which show the decline of CPO usage. First of all, the number of current compulsory purchase is limited. Second, the local authorities have limited rights for decision making and also acquiring the land. The compulsory purchase deployment will probably be increased in the future also (Shaw, 2011). What’s more, the general expertise of the local authorities requires getting a boost so that they can work effectively and efficiently (DETR, 2000). There is separate procedure legislation for crofting that is put into the Act in Scotland (Rowan & Farquharson, 2009) The various bodies are said to assess the claims for compensation which are related to the matters of crofts (Cuthbertson, 2007). When the acquisition is done through an agreement, then the adjudication is done through the Land Court of Scotland while if the claims arise from any of the compulsory purchases, then they are done through the Land Tribunal for Scotland (Barclay, 2010). If someone is seeking for an agricultural or any business property, then the authority is required to pay special attention to the issues that are related to business and farming. When someone is looking to acquire any

Discuss critically how you would bring about an identified change in Assignment

Discuss critically how you would bring about an identified change in an organisation (or organisational unit) you are familiar with - Assignment Example This is a good example of the need for change in our organizations. Clients are now able to access information, which they require at the comfort of their homes or different work places. This has spurred a lot of pressure to their service providers and media, as they need to live up to the expectations of their clients. Organizational change is an issue that most organizations need to embrace and adopt in order to survive and keep up with the business world today. Failure to do this, such firms and organization will experience a competitive environment that may need to them failing to achieve their goals in the near future. Organizations and firms must learn and embrace organizational change at their different work places. This is very essential and important to them. However, sometimes it is difficult to enhance change in an organization. This is because most employees have adopted a certain culture and routines, which they really embrace at their workplaces. A lot of resistance from these employees may be evident if this kid of change has to be implemented. When parties and stakeholders who are involved follow the right steps, this kind of change can be implemented successfully without much resistance from the employees. Organizational change can affect any department in the organization; hence, the heads of these departments must remain positive and open to any change, which might come along. Firms and organization are prone to changes in today’s business world that is greatly evolving Armenakis (Armenakis and Harris 2009). Both internal and external environmental factors can prompt change to occur in an organization. External changes can originate from the global business market. First and foremost, competition in the might take a higher notch that may require an organization to make some changes in its entire structure. At such a situation, the organization is supposed to come up with different marketing

Theme Park Technology Essay Example for Free

Theme Park Technology Essay Introduction New technologies that theme parks utilize or may consider using in the future can help manage crowds, improve child safety, and create thrilling attractions. Theme parks must decide which technologies it should adapt in order to attract the most consumers and increase consumer spending. Innovative technologies improve consumer safety and enhance customer satisfaction. Technologies used in theme parks today include smart phone applications, fast passes or flash passes, RFID tracking systems, 4D attractions, and LED powered wheels. If a theme park considers adapting any of these technologies, it must decide if the technology meets customer needs and if the benefits outweigh the costs. Crowd Control: Theme parks implement measures to control crowds so that certain areas of the parks are not overcrowded while other areas of the park do not have large crowds. Crowd control measures include the use of surveillance cameras, monitoring ride occupancy rates, issuing fast passes for people to come back to rides later in the day and not have to wait in line, and smart phone applications. Theme park technologies that assist with foot traffic flow also enhance customer satisfaction and safety. Surveillance Cameras Disney takes the lead in theme park crowd control. Disney’s Magic Kingdom has a security epicenter underneath Cinderella’s Castle which is equipped with surveillance cameras, video screens, digital park maps, and computer programs to pinpoint where there are traffic backups or problems with rides. Employees monitor to see where crowds are the largest and deploy parades to divert traffic and lead guests to areas of the park that are less crowded. (Brooks) Surveillance cameras also help employees monitor and track suspicious persons, which helps keep parks safe. If parks did not have surveillance cameras, there would need to be a lot more security personal stationed around the park and monitoring the park on foot. Ride Occupancy Theme parks monitor crowd control by ensuring that all seats on rides are filled. If seats are left empty, it takes longer for visitors to get through the lines. Shorter wait times equal happier visitors, and shorter wait times provide visitors with the opportunity to spend more time at restaurants and gift shops which generate more revenue for the parks. FASTPASS ® / Flash Pass FASTPASS ® is a ride scheduling system invented by Disney which allows guests to visit an attraction and receive a ticket to come back to the ride at a later time and not wait in a long line. Attractions that utilize the FASTPASS ® system have the time displayed for when guests can come back without waiting in line. Guests insert their park ticket into the FASTPASS ® machine, and they receive ticket with the time when they can come back to the attraction and not wait in a long line. Disney does not charge guests to use FASTPASS ® machines, but other theme parks do charge for similar services. Many people are willing to spend the extra money in order to avoid long lines at popular attractions. (Disney FASTPASS Service) Theme parks also help manage crowds by displaying estimated wait times for rides. If the wait is too long for a ride, people will go to other rides throughout the park and come back later. Other parks, such as Six Flags Theme Parks , have versions of fast passes that allow visitors to wait in shorter lines, schedule when they will go on rides electronically, and to ride the same ride twice in a row without waiting in line a second time. Six Flags Theme Park visitors can purchase Flash Passes and schedule when they will go on the ride via an electronic scheduling system. Six Flags Flash Passes are more advanced than Disney’s Fast Pass since visitors can schedule when they will go on rides electronically from anywhere in the park instead of having to go to each attraction they want to ride and receiving a time to come back when they turn in a FASTPASS ® ticket. (Flash Pass: Six Flags Magic Mountain) Six Flags allows visitors to purchase Regular, Gold or Platinum Flash Passes which have greater reductions in wait times. The Regular Flash Pass provides guests with a limited number of Flash Passes that allow them to wait in a shorter line. The Gold and Platinum Flash Passes allow visitors to electronically schedule when they will visit an attraction. Visitors are given an electronic device called a Q-Bot, which guests use to check electronically schedule when they will be able to visit the ride without waiting in line. (Q-Bot) The Platinum Fast Pass provides the added benefit of being able to go on the same ride twice in a row without getting off and waiting in line again. Flash Passes bring in additional revenue to parks and prices vary depending on the park. For example, Flash Passes range from $31 $86 per person at Six Flags Over Georgia and $41 to $99 at Six Flags Magic Mountain. (Flash Pass: Six Flags Magic Mountain) and (Flash Pass: Six Flags Over Georgia) Mobile Magic APP Theme Parks are innovative and have technologies that help them learn about customer preferences while making consumers’ experiences at the park more enjoyable. Walt Disney World has a mobile application for Verizon Wireless customers called Mobile Magic. Mobile Magic allows customers to view line wait times, make restaurant reservations, play games while waiting in line, view the weather forecast and events taking place in the park, and find Disney characters for children to get autographs. Disney receives information from Mobile Magic users that allows them to analyze which restaurants and rides are the most popular and can help Disney gain insights as to how to make consumers experiences at its parks more enjoyable. (Mobile Magic Application) Child Safety: RFID Tracking System. Theme parks such as Dollywood, Legoland, and Wannado use RFID bracelets to keep track of guests and to protect lost children. RFID bracelets transmit a signal to computer system which keeps track of each person’s location. If a child wearing a RFID bracelet becomes separated from his parents, then the parents send a text message to guest services stating, â€Å"help. † Parents receive a text message in response with the location of the lost child and directions to get to the child’s location. If a lost child gets too close to park exits, authorities are contacted to ensure the child does not exit the park. (Sturgen) RFID bracelets provide increased safety for children, and they allow groups of people to locate each easily if they are separated. The bracelets also track and store information about what foods people eat, what rides they visit first or most frequently, and what items they purchase. The information helps theme park management tailor the parks to best meet consumer preferences. Some guests may view the RFID bracelets as an invasion of privacy, but others feel that the benefits outweigh the risks. (Sturgen) At Wannado and Dollywood, the RFID technology is taken a step further than at Legoland. Visitors are provided with a bracelet containing a RFID tag. Then, groups of visitors register their names in the SafeTzone Real-Time Locating System which links each group’s bracelets together electronically. Visitors can then track the location of people in their group by scanning their bracelet at SafeTzone kiosks. (Sullivan) According to the New York Times article, â€Å"Disney Tackles Major Theme Park Problems: Lines,† Disney may start to use bracelets and take the technology one step further. Bracelets would store consumer credit card information so park guests can purchase items with the swipe of the bracelet. Also, the bracelets would store information such as the customer’s name, when they last visited the restaurant, how frequently they visit the restaurant, and the customer’s preferences. This technology would lead theme parks to be the best in class in customer satisfaction. However, it may not appeal to some people who may view it as an invasion of privacy and like there is someone watching over them at all times. Ride Technology: â€Å"4D† Attractions Theme parks have implemented a new level of technology to make attractions seem like they are in 4D. For example, Dollywood has a Polar Express ride during the winter that combines a 3D movie with seats that move like you are actually riding the Polar Express train, different smells and temperatures and other effects to make 3D movie scenes seem more realistic. (â€Å"Dollywood’s Polar Express Creates 4D Viewer Experience†) Islands of Adventure also employs â€Å"4D† technology with its Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride. Visitors watch a 3D movie screen while riding on magic benches that drop, lean back, spin, twist, and turn to make it feel as if visitors are flying through the world of Harry Potter. (â€Å"The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universals Islands of Adventure†) Kuka Robot Group developed the magic benches which are also known as Robocoasters. (â€Å"Kuka Arm†) Theme Park Technology Summary: Theme parks utilize leading edge technologies to improve customer safety, better understand customer preferences, and make customers’ experiences at the park more enjoyable. RFID bracelets improve customer safety and provide parks with information about customer preferences. Investment in RFID technology would pay for itself, because many parents would be willing to pay extra to rent bracelets in order to keep traffic of their children and people in their group. Traffic flow and ride wait times are improved through video surveillance, ensuring each ride is at maximum occupancy, fast passes, wait times posted by each ride, and wait times and park information transmitted to people’s smart phones via applications like Disney’s Mobile Magic. Disney was able to create a smart phone application in conjunction with Verizon wireless by charging customers to purchase the application. Customers are happier when there are shorter wait times and the park is not as crowded. Theme parks improve customer satisfaction through the use of â€Å"4D† technology on rides. Theme parks work to improve business by utilizing and developing new technologies. Theme park technology constantly evolves. In addition to the technologies mentioned above, Maurer Rides is in the testing stages of LED-powered wheels for roller coasters. The wheels are powered by light emitting diodes (LEDs) and â€Å"rotation of the wheels creates a ‘generator principle’ with the rotating movement being converted into energy, and thus light. The key benefit is that, apart from saving power, no batteries or excessive wiring is needed. † (Theme Park Post Amusement Theme Parks Industry Business News) The LED wheel lights will show up during the day and night and create an interesting visual effect. Maurer plans to install the first ‘firewheels’, which can travel up to 80 mph, at a theme park in Germany. If this technology works, it may be adapted by other theme parks since it creates visual appeal and uses less energy. (Theme Park Post Amusement Theme Parks Industry Business News) The most important technologies for theme parks improve customer satisfaction and the likelihood that guests will return to the parks again or recommend the parks to other people. 4D Technology, RFID tracking bracelets, Flash Passes, and smart phone applications are leading edge technologies for theme parks that accomplish the task of improving customer satisfaction. Technology is constantly evolving, and theme parks are destined to invent more advanced technologies that improve business operations and customers’ experiences. Works Cited Barnes, Brooks. Disney Tackles Major Theme Park Problem: Lines. The New York Times. The New York Times Company, 28 Dec. 2010. Web. 22 May 2011. . Disney FASTPASS Service. Walt Disney World Resort. Disney. Web. 30 May 2011. . Dollywoods Polar Express Creates 4D Viewer Experience Amusement Parks. Amusement Park Industry-Theme Park Business Directory Amusement Park. Blooloop, 18 Feb. 2009. Web. 31 May 2011. . Flash Pass: Six Flags Magic Mountain. Six Flags. Web. 30 May 2011. . Flash Pass: Six Flags Over Georgia. Six Flags. Web. 30 May 2011. . Kuka Arm. Harry Potter Wizarding World Theme Park in Orlando, Florida. Web. 31 May 2011. . Mobile Magic Application | Verizon Wireless | Disney Parks. Mobile Magic | Disney Parks. Web. 22 May 2011. . Q-Bot. Web log post. Theme Park Review. 17 Mar. 2010. Web. 30 May 2011. . Satchell, Arlene. Wannado City Moves up Closing to Jan. 2 Sun Sentinel. Featured Articles From The Sun Sentinel. The Sun Sentinel, 21 Dec. 2010. Web. 22 May 2011. . Sturgeon, Will. RFID Chips on Kids Makes Legoland Safer | Protecting Your ID | Silicon. com. Silicon. com | Technology Strategy for CIOs and Business Executives. Silicon. com, 24 June 2004. Web. 24 May 2011. . Sullivan, Laurie. How RFID Will Help Mommy Find Johnny InformationWeek. InformationWeek | Business Technology News, Reviews and Blogs. Information Week, 15 Sept. 2004. Web. 22 May 2011. . Theme Park Post Amusement Theme Parks Industry Business News. Web. 22 May 2011. .

Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare Essay -- Papers

Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare The opening scenes of the play are called the EXPOSITION, where the dramatist introduces the most significant characters and themes, so that they can be developed and set up the plot. Describe the means by which Shakespeare had done this in the first act, and judge how successful (or not) he has been. The opening scenes of "Measure for Measure", introduce the most significant characters in the play and also tend to establish the relationships between each of them. The plot and the key themes are introduced giving the reader an idea of what is going to unfold in the following acts. Shakespeare has used the opening scene of the play to introduce one of the key characters. In this first scene, set in Vienna, the Duke announces to his advisor, Escalus, that he is to leave the country for reasons, which are un-disclosed to anyone. He decides to leave Angelo, a trusted friend, standing in his place. This would in effect give Angelo "absolute power" over the nation, giving him the decision to dictate who would live or die. "In our remove be thou at full ourself; Mortality and mercy in Vienna" ============================== Duke Vincento Act I Sc I Angelo is highly respected and held in high regard by both the Duke and Escalus, this is evident by the way the two both talk of him, to each other and to Angelo, himself: "If any in Vienna be of worth To undergo such ample grace and honour, It is Lord Angelo" Escalus Act I Sc I Angelo appears to be a genuine person, there appear to be no hidden sides to him, "What You See Is What You Get". Angelo appear... ... Overall, I do feel that Shakespeare has been successful in creating good first impressions and introductions of the more significant characters, Angelo, Lucio and Isabella. All though Isabella is not in this opening act much, her character ids set up for those later acts, where she will play a bigger, more significant part. Shakespeare's introduction of the themes is also done well. The first appears to be the introduction of power, where the Duke leaves and Angelo is named as the stand in. The theme of corruption is also brought across well, using the comic characters, the prostitute, Mistress Overdone and the pimp, Pompey. As an opening act to a play, I feel that all the characters and the main themes are introduced well, which helps the reader to understand the play because they are introduced from the beginning.

Hunting laws essay Essay

Why are people likely to break hunting laws, whereas the people with the license are the ones that suffer? Over the years people have violated hunting laws. There has been little research for motivations for poaching. Illegal taking of wildlife is a serious problem in today’s society. Questions such as these prompted are discussed in the two following articles: â€Å"Illegal Hunting and Angling the Neutralization of Wildlife,† by Stephen L. Eliason, and an article by Bob Hood â€Å"Rules of the Game. † At first it may appear that only way these two writers might meet in  common ground would be in a head on collision. Nevertheless after reading their articles more carefully, one can realize that Eliason and Hood are actually saying two different things. Initially, these articles seem to be very little in common. Although their titles, for example, convey the same image: Eliasons aggressive â€Å"Illegal Hunting and Angling the Neutralization of Wildlife† versus Hoods passive â€Å"Rules of the Game. † Their subject matters and these authors reasons for writing make them very dissimilar, Eliason states how the very impact  of poaching has affected our society by contrast Hood is merely stating the facts of our local Texas game laws. Between Eliasons use of his method of trying to inform the reader what poaching can do and Hoods general statements on how to follow Texas game warden laws, readers have difficulty recognizing a neutral meeting ground between these persistent writers. Villasenor 2 This strong insistence by each writer that hunting laws should be followed, however, helps the readers see the two differences between these two articles. For both authors, the proposition that â€Å"hunting laws should be followed† is their way of trying to reach out to the general public. For instance Hood states local Texas hunting laws and gives you basic information on how they should be followed. Eliason however is stating on how poaching affects the country as a whole and has enough data and facts to prove his cause. Regarding the similar topic though, we find Hood and Eliason expressing very different views. According to Hood he is stating the dos and don’ts every hunter should know before  hinting predators and non-game animals. Eliason cites a much more informative article stating the affects of the ecological impact of poaching and much more evidence to support his view point. Although Eliason and Hood write about the differences in hunting laws, readers can not see a common ground. Upon close analysis, their articles reveal more then several points of dissimilarity. Both writers have two totally different viewpoints about hunting laws. Readers can recognize that Eliasons and Hoods statements prove to be different.

Ingvar Kamprad Leadership Essay

Business Leader Profile Ingvar Kamprad Founder of Ikea Retail Stores Why Ingvar Kamprad? Does the name Ingvar Kamprad mean anything to you? To most people it doesn’t and it's a testament to the fact that he built up a brand that is so powerful people recognize it immediately, while not tying it into, or even knowing, the genius behind it. The brand? IKEA! The reason why we chose this business leader is simple, Ingvar Kamprad is a businessman and the founder of IKEA with an estimated worth of $22. 5 billion dollars.Kamprad was born in the south of Sweden in 1926 and raised on a farm called Elmtaryd, near the small village of Agunnaryd. He is a great leader and one amazing thing about him is that he went into business early in life, selling matches as a schoolboy and also, very wisely for his age (or any age for that matter) Kamprad took his profits and used them to expand his operations, adding to his small line of goods with decorations of Christmas trees, fish, and seeds. He was learning the operational side of retailing, and he was learning it quickly and profitably.When Kamprad did well in school, his dad rewarded his with some money, and that was the seed to launch a company he named IKEA. He got the name from his initials I. K. , and then added the EA from the name of the farm and the town he was raised in – Elmtaryd and Agunnaryd. Don't think the idea of a furniture company was brewing in the mind of Kamprad with his new company, he still focused on smaller items, and for the most part look to the business of securing contracts of supplying pencils. Like in his younger years, Kamprad soon began to expand into all sorts of other areas, including everything from jewelry to male and female ccessories. He soon outgrew individual visits to customers and went into the mail order business on the local level, having the milk trucks deliver his products to his customers. When Kamprad first included furniture as part of the product line of IKEA, his i dea was to use local manufacturers to keep costs low and under control. That was in 1947. By 1951, furniture sales were so successful, he decided to drop all other products and focus on the furniture line alone. The first furniture showroom opened in 1953, and the rest is history.Almost immediately a price war started between IKEA and its chief competitor, and the inclusion of the showroom helped sway potential customers who were able to see and touch the quality before making their purchases. Like many great retailers, Kamprad was obsessed with controlling costs, and dedicated to finding new ways to do things at a less expensive level. That has been one of the major reasons behind the ongoing success of IKEA furniture sales and profits. Some people attempt to point out the fact that Kamprad has several properties he owns and so the frugal image is contrived.I have to disagree with that, because the reason he can afford some of these things is because he remained frugal within the c onstruct of his company, and so because he was able to put of instantaneous gratification, could then do whatever he wanted once he became wealthy. While there is some truth to the image part, it was also very much practiced by Kamprad. Many people think being frugal is being cheap in a negative way, and yet those best at it are the ones that serve their customers and employees at the highest level by giving customers the best deals possible, while at the same time offering longevity to employees.The best definition that reflects the idea of leadership for Kamprad is â€Å"Leadership is a kind of activity meant to influence behavior, beliefs and feelings of the group members in a certain direction. † (Wright, Peter L. and Taylor, David S. Improving Leadership Performance. Great Britain: Prentice-Hall International Ltd; 1984. p. 2). As Peter F. Drucker said â€Å"The leaders who work most effectively, it seems to me, never say â€Å"I. † And that’s not because t hey have trained themselves not to say â€Å"I. † They don’t think â€Å"I. They think â€Å"we†; they think â€Å"team. † This idea is mostly based on a simple word, and that word is â€Å"team†. Every leader who has this trait is surely to have great success simply because they don’t work and take decisions just on their own, they seek and welcome the help of employees, one of those leaders being Kampard of course. If we go back to Niccolo Machiavelli, we can see that he once said that â€Å"The first method for estimating the intelligence of a ruler is to look at the men he has around him. and it a really smart and correct thesis, because in order for a leader to successfully empower his organization he needs employees, but not just any employee, they have to be creative, loyal and intelligent in order to really be useful to their organisation. So while cost control is a major part of the IKEA success story, the empowerment of its custo mers is as well, which is brought about from a highly committed and talented design team. Leader’s position in organizational structure „In an hierarchical system, participants take for granted what the participants with the higher position defines† (Becker, 1998).In other words, social actors in the labor market believe what the professionals (leaders, professors, mass-media) define as leadership, considering that the privilege formal position brings privilege information and ethics. This is not a valid statement if we look into the organizational structure at IKEA. Anecdotes about Kamprad abound. When his father complained that Ingvar slept late in the morning, Ingvar got himself an alarm clock, set it for six o’clock, and yanked away the off button. According to Kamprad, we should all divide our lives â€Å"into 10-minute units, and sacrifice as few of them as possible in meaningless activity. Though past 80, Kamprad still travels the world to visit new IKEA stores. He flies economy class, calls his employees â€Å"co-workers,† encourages everyone to dress informally, stays in cheap hotels and even replaces bottles from the hotel room mini-bar with cheap bottles bought in local supermarkets. He gives no interviews. As far as setting an example through his actions, Kamprad flies only economy class, drives a 15-year-old vehicle, and focuses on little things for his workers like writing on both sides of the paper, and other frugal practices. That has helped IKEA remain on the top of a highly competitive market.Critics of these stories say they seem intended to reinforce the company’s no-nonsense brand and encourage cost-awareness among company staff. They point out that Kamprad may be the world’s richest man, that owns several lavish houses around the world, and that it would be ludicrous to assume a man of such wealth would not use any of it for private purposes. If you've ever read IKEA literature, catalogs or advertising, they reinforce their and Ingvar Kamprad's motto of not only existing to make improvements in the lives of people, but to improve people themselves.With that in mind, the way the stores themselves are set up and the design of the furniture built with the idea of being very simple to assemble, it generates the healthy idea of self-sufficiency, which helps empower people and make them feel good about themselves. Leader or non-leader; manager or leader If we would be to make a list with leader and non-leader and manager traits we would easily see that Ingvar Kampard is a leader, not only that, he is a good example for hundreds of people out there who thrive to become leaders themselves. If we look closely at Kampard we can see that he is a proactive an, he believes in people following examples, he motivates and inspires top results and has great strategic orientation. If a leader is not like this, then as Abraham Maslow said †If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. †. Based on interviews with employees at IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad is a good example of leadership because he strongly expresses the organisational value of IKEA through his behaviours. Thereby, all the IKEA employees (from top management to co-workers) follow this organisational value as a framework.In addition, the leadership style of management position also was influenced through strong organisational value. Employees have used descriptives such as „role model† and „father† when speaking about Ingvar Kamprad thereby denoting the familial nature of IKEA corporate culture. If we apply the model of leader vs. Manager described by Abraham Zaleznik – Ingvar Kamprad is the epitome of business leader. All of this is based on his empathic relationship with his co-workers and employees. By setting examples and inspiring, he also sets the company’s overall direction by altering the direction of its employees.One of his subordinates characterises his leadership style as a „teacher†. Senge (1990) and Max de Pree(1990)’s theory states that a leader should be a teacher in the organization „ †¦ much of the leverage leaders can actually exert lies in helping people achieve more accurate , more insightful and more empowering views of reality, when the leaders carrying out stewardship (Senge, 1990: 353)†, according to Senge (1990). The roles that leaders should play is exactly how Kamprad has been doing for so long. Creativity As Teresa M. Amabile once said „Keep doing what you are doing†.Or if you want to spark innovation, rethink how you motivate, reward, and assign work to people. † What is business creativity? We tend to associate creativity with the arts and to think of it as the expression of higly original ideas. Think of Pablo Picasso reinvented the conventions of painting or how William Faulkner redefined fiction. In business, originali ty isn’t enough. To be creative, an idea must also be appropriate, useful and actionable. Within every individual, creativity is a function of three components : expertise, creative-thinking skills and motivation.Expertise is, in a word knowledge – technical, procedual and intellectual. Creative-thinking skills determine how flexibly and imaginatively people approach problems. Do their solutions apend the status quo? Do they persevere through dry spells? Not all motivation is created equal. An inner passion to solve the problem at hand leads to solutions far more creative than do external rewards, such as money. This compenent – called intrinsic motivation is the one that can be most immediately influenced by the work environment.Senior manager at IKEA strongly believes that IKEA is a creative organisation based upon home-furnishing company; IKEA has to be creative within value â€Å"efficiency and cost conscious†. This reason makes IKEA differ from other companies because it is not easy to produce a good product at low price. Furthermore, IKEA has a strong organisational value that every employee should concern as follows: †¢ Togetherness †¢ Cost consciousness †¢ Respect †¢ Simplicity IKEA follows a model of „family business† because at its inception, Ingvar Kamprad was developing it as a family business which eventually grew to outstanding proportions.Due to this, most of his own ideeas like the simplicity and togetherness have actually become some of the company’s most important organizational aspects. IKEA is an extremely creative organisation because IKEA allows employees to work in freedom and are open for trying new ideas. To demonstrate clearly, when employees have concepts, it is important to express their concepts to the manager in order to consider whether it is possible to develop and make this concept concrete. The respondent emphasises that â€Å"It does not take a long time, if you have a really good idea.This creative idea will be developed and spread out to use at every store of IKEA in the world Moreover, the organisation also encourages employees to continually learn from their own experience and also other’s experiences such as co-workers. As a result, employees are able to complete their own tasks as well as generate new ideas that make IKEA different from other companies. Leadership styles Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership.After a complete analisys of all three styles(autocratic, democratic and delegative) we have reached the conclusion that Ingvar Kampard is most of the times a Participative(democratic) leader. This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness, rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect. But of course, he is not always using this style, since every problem requires a different style.Besides the fact that Kamprad is one of the wealthiest living people, he is also an impressive leader. The leadership style he embodies is one of personal example. Though he has billions of dollars, Ingvar is reluctant to a life in luxury. People confess seeing him haggling in the market and dining together with his wife in cheap, dirty places. His image makes up for billion words. Black worn out shoes, cheap glasses and a grey faded coat dress up the billionaire in most of his rendezvous. Taxis are substituted with public transportation like busses and subways and, luxurious jets with low-cost airlines.By his daily routine and his habits of living in an artificial poverty, Ingvar Kamprad embodies the average IKEA customer. â€Å"I look at the mo ney I'm about to spend on myself and ask if IKEA customers could afford it. † â€Å"If I start to acquire luxurious things then this will only incite others to follow suit†¦ †. Ingvar considers himself to be an example for all others and tries to appear as a normal individual. In â€Å"A Furniture Dealer’s Testament,† Kamprad suggests that â€Å"IKEA people do not drive flashy cars or stay at luxury hotels. †, â€Å"How the hell can I ask people who work for me to travel cheaply if I am traveling in luxury? he asks. â€Å"It’s a question of good leadership. † From a young age, Ingvar learned what working hard meant and what a strong bound truly is. He is a preacher of the religion of simplicity and during over half a century, along the constant growth of his company, numerous others joined in. According to Plato, the mob is a â€Å"big and dangerous animal† which must not be underestimated. What kind of strategy could work with masses rather than a leader of their status? Governments have fallen and people died along time only to protect the need of having a representative leader which could alike them.Ingvar Kamprad succeeded in building up a truly simple and productive leadership style only by regarding himself as equal as and never more important than the commoner. Nicolo Machiavelli stated: â€Å"Religion is not important because of the truth it holds but because of its efficiency in maintaining control over masses†. In our case we have little to do with angry mobs but with the angry way in which money are wasted by a company or individual in matter of costs. Kamprad understood this fact and built a distinctive corporate culture which comprehended his true nature.In contrast, the famous RJR enjoyed the expense of private planes and luxury and unlike our billionaire, success was only passing by. Warren Buffet’s mentality resembles the one IKEA’s Founder and together with the m indset, the income is comparable. Coming again to Plato, the philosopher once said „Those who rule must provetheir leadership abilities. A person can be trained to be a good ruler, but we have to distinguish between superficial competencies (oratory) and profound competencies (developed with the help of philosophy). The ruler has to guard not only the peaceon the ship but also to know which wayto sail and ow. † Ingvar’s thinking is flexible and innovative. Mistakes are praised and considered as the most important link to success. He is without regard a transformational leader. His style motivates people and defines a new way of thinking. Ingvar also connects with his followers and is a source of inspiration for younger generations. Bernard M. Bass, after decades of research and experimentation, regards transformational leaders as the leaders who recognize the needs of the followers and in addition tends to go further and satisfy higher needs of the follower.All of these actions are aimed to propel the follower on a higher tier in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Whereas common leadership or transactional leadership seeks only to maintain the satisfaction of the individual, transformational leadership looks into enchanting the well-being of the followers in order to achieve a higher outcome alongside with their happiness and devotion. This gap between the leadership styles is what I believe to be the main reason for the existence of excellent, world-changing people, in contrast with the unsuccessful ones.Their view of the world is their most precious asset and how they regard to others is the main secret of conquering unreached heights. Due to the fact that Ingvar Kamprad has a unique way to behave with the employees of IKEA and tries to enrich them with traits so important for the success of both the corporation and the employee’s leadership skills, I believe that Kamprad is a brilliant representative of Bass’s beliefs. Kamp rad could also be considered to be a Level 5 leader according to Jim Collins’s â€Å"Good to Great†. Ingvar greets the uncommon and is on a constant quest for taking apart obstacles which lie between failure and success.His constant struggle for reaching excellence in everything he does could be clearly seen in the process which I would like to call â€Å"building the empire of self†. His focus on the main purpose, the one of bringing innovative furniture in each and every household and changing the lives of many by simplifying their existence, assured his success and the status of one of the greatest business managers and leaders to have ever existed. A Napoleon of the furniture industry, Kamprad was. Close to followers, talented and emotionally involved were some principles he used during his reign.Thus many would say he received divine help, he started as a common man. Only his devotion and hard work made the difference. Garry Gemmill and Judith Oakley refer to a leader as a Messiah or a savior and hardly agree with the concept of a leader as a creator. Moreover, they state that â€Å"Leadership is nothing else but a myth propagated in order to keep everybody else quiet and nice. † . They might be right but in my consideration, this words do not apply to the hero we analyze in this project. Ingvar strongly encourages creative discussions within the company and his actual position is one of a leant and a symbol of excellence.David Goleman on the other hand expresses, in his work â€Å"What makes a Leader? † some traits which could help us identify other traits of the IKEA Giant. Goleman places a great emphasis on emotional intelligence and connects the status of a leader according to it. The main skills David puts behind a glorious leader are Self-awareness, Self-regulation, Motivation and the abilities to relate to others – Empathy, and Social Skill. Ingvar seems gifted with emotional intelligence when managing peop le and events. Happiness is in his opinion the greatest asset an IKEA worker should possess.An excellent business man and an excellent time manager he proved to be during many occasions and time only knows when the world could inherit another great leader such as Ingvar Kamprad, the Swedish Scotsman. Conflict management style â€Å"The Ikean culture, which was directly linked to Scandinavian culture, valued simplicity and informality, frugality, humbleness, responsibility, and the constant will to renew. † The company initially sold furniture provided by numerous suppliers. As time passed, competition started to corrupt the suppliers and as a result, Ingvar decided never to trust others than himself.It was a turning point in the history of IKEA which now started to produce its own furniture. A moment of conflict and lack of trust turned into a brilliant idea and started to place the organization on the path to success. Another turning point in Ikean history was by the time an employee decided to disassemble the furniture in order to transport it by car. Kamprad saw this particularly insignificant moment of conflict as a possibly gorgeous opportunity for the future. From that point onward, the furniture company started to differentiate and build up not just furniture but a light, innovative, easy to use and cheap type of furniture.The most significant property Ingvar’s furniture has is its ability to be assembled by the customer and offer him the joy of putting the puzzle pieces together. Price was amazing. IKEA furniture was 50% cheaper than the competition and besides this important factor; it was more than friendly and practical. Ingvar once was accused of being a Nazi supporter due to the fact that he attended to their meetings on numerous occasions. The conflict took a serious impact on Ingvar’s personality and started to shift its public perception in a truly negative way.However, the conflict was in some manner consumed when Kamprad composed letters of apology to all his employees and people whom he disappointed. He recognized that he made a mistake and that it was a dark chapter in his existence which shouldn’t have happened. Questioning the status quo is Ingvar’s best way in dealing with everyday problems and through his successful career they were many. To begin with, the more IKEA grew, the more Ingvar’s problems developed. Alcohol, Nazi support and deaths at the opening of a store were only the biggest of them.Despite the severity of the problem, the modesty, humanity and determination always brought Ingvar on the right track. For the IKEA founder, conflict never ceased to be functional. It helped both him and the employees remain focused and constructive. It generated growth, activated learning, maintained excellent interpersonal skills and gave a different perspective over issues. The main conflict management style of his was collaborating. In almost every occasion he and the employe es formed a team and everyone is expected to contribute with anything they can.Departments are structured on the philosophy of sharing ideas and support. Also, there is a win-win situation between IKEA and its customers. On the one side, IKEA has tremendous profit margins (about 16% – almost two times higher than other furniture retailers) and sells for tens of billions annually and on the other side, the customer benefits from exceptional quality and practicability for the given money. Ingvar’s mentality (comprehended by the Business Harvard Review: How Management Teams Can Have a Good Fight) is one of creating common goals. The company and he was an impeccably motivated and determined group of people.Creative and interpersonal relations are also highly praised within a company and IKEA makes no exception. In his work, Kenneth W. Thomas, refers more and more to the importance of conflict in an organization. Throughout a sustained study of the great players in the corp orate world, the mesmerizing power of a poorly managed conflict is revealed. Too many companies suffer great reductions in income and performance due to this mostly overlooked default. Using a bi-dimensional representation, Thomas expressed the whole conflict issue using 5 elements – Avoiding, Accommodating, Compromising, Competitive and Collaborative.The IKEA model works entirely based on the Collaborative model due to the fact that it is mostly a win-win situation in which both the company and the employee reach a high level of fulfillment. Conflict can also be managed using a system of rewards resembling the one parents use for their children. It might be unexpected but I believe this is an awesome way to educate outsiders and to make them behave according to a reward. Despite the fact that it might be a bit manipulative, the rewards system is a good way to achieve a prosperous work environment.However, if good is not enough for a company, this system could be substituted by one composed of amazing people, highly talented and qualified personnel which requires little training and can propel the company to new heights. The ideal way in which I believe conflict could be turned into a powerful creative force is through the use of Virtuoso Teams. Despite the fact these kinds of teams require a constant action and an important continuous goal. Jeff Weiss and Jonathan Hughes express in their â€Å"Accept-And Actively Manage Conflict† the necessity of conflict in a prosperous working environment.After and during the Industrial Revolution, people and mostly employees were kept under and oppressive working regime which limited their creativity and power to change their condition. Riots were common and worker unions started to prosper. However, the work was dull and no sane man could cope with it more than a few years. Now, a century later, conflict is comprehended as a powerful tool. Just thinking about the Olympiads or a race between two close friends is more than enough in order to have an insight into the invisible motivation a challenge releases.The same principle applies in the development of Ikean furniture. People have a â€Å"Vojna Idej† (War of the Ideas) and as a result breakthroughs occur. However, due to the fact this war of ideas is hardly sustainable in time, there must be a boundary composed of the corporate vision and goal. I believe that none of the amazing commercials and ways of presenting the company could have emerged without a nearly balanced conflict management system. Weather we think of the cleverly designed buss stations or the exquisite TV commercials, IKEA is a sign of greatness. EthicsBusiness ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations. Busin ess ethics reflects the philosophy of business, one of whose aims is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a company's purpose is to maximize shareholder returns, then sacrificing profits to other concerns is a violation of its fiduciary responsibility.Kamprad began to develop a business as a young boy, selling matches to neighbors from his bicycle. He found that he could buy matches in bulk very cheaply from Stockholm, sell them individually at a low price, and still make a good profit. From matches, he expanded to selling fish, Christmas tree decorations, seeds, and later ballpoint pens and pencils. When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him a cash reward for succeeding in his studies. IKEA was founded in 1943 at his uncle Ernst's kitchen table. In 1948, Kamprad diversified his portfolio, adding furniture.His business was mostly-mail order. The acronym IKEA is made up of the initials of his name (Ingvar Kamprad) plus those of Elmtaryd, the family farm where he was b orn, and the nearby village Agunnaryd. Kamprad has lived in Epalinges, Switzerland since 1976. According to an interview with TSR, the French language Swiss TV broadcaster, Kamprad drives a 15-year-old Volvo 240, flies only economy class, and encourages IKEA employees always to write on both sides of a paper. He reportedly recycles tea bags and is known to pocket the salt and pepper packets at restaurants. In addition, Kamprad has been known to visit IKEA for a â€Å"cheap meal. † He is also known to buy Christmas paper and presents in post-Christmas sales. The firm he created is still known for the attention it gives to cost control, operational details and continuous product development, allowing it to lower its prices by an of average 2-3% over the decade to 2010, while continuing its global expansion. Kamprad explains his social philosophy thusly in his â€Å"A Furniture Dealer's Testament,† â€Å"It is not only for cost reasons that we avoid the luxury hotels.We don't need flashy cars, impressive titles, uniforms or other status symbols. We rely on our strength and our will! † Despite this, Kamprad allows himself some luxuries; he owns a villa in an upmarket part of Switzerland, a large country estate in Sweden, and a vineyard in Provence, France; he also drove a Porsche for several years. Ingvar Kamprad had made two „big mistakes†. From 16 to 25, Kamprad was a friend and follower of Per Engdahl, the leader of the quasi-fascist, pro-Nazi Neo-Swedish movement. Engdahl attended Kamprad's first wedding in 1950.Kamprad only terminated his involvement in 1951. When the scandal broke in the early 1990s, Kamprad wrote to his employees: â€Å"You have been young yourself. And perhaps you find something in your youth you now, so long afterwards, think was ridiculous and stupid. In that case, you will understand me better. † He also apologized in a television interview and said he had not fully understood what the Neo-Swedish movement was about. And the second happened while working with furniture manufacturers in Poland earlier in his career, Kamprad became an alcoholic.He has, however, stated that his drinking is now under control. In 1947, Kamprad introduced furniture into the IKEA product line. The use of local manufacturers allowed him to keep his costs down. The furniture was a hit, and in 1951, Kamprad decided to discontinue all other product lines and focus on furniture. In 1953, the first IKEA showroom opened. It came about because of competitive pressures. IKEA was in a price war with its main competitor. The showroom allowed people to see it, touch it, feel it, and be sure of the quality before buying.Kamprad's vision has been the driving force behind IKEA's succcess. IKEA hires its own designers, who have received numerous awards over the years. Kamprad believes that the company exists not just to improve people's lives, but to improve the people themselves. The self-service store design and ease of assembly of their furniture are not merely cost controls, but an opportunity for self-sufficiency. This vision is reinforced in their advertising and catalog, as well. Kamprad has been extremely shrewd in creating IKEA's organizational structure.It is owned ultimately by a Dutch trust controlled by the Kamprad family, with various holding companies handling different aspects of IKEA's operations, such as franchising, manufacturing, and distribution. IKEA even has an investment banking arm. Kamprad has repeatedly resisted pressure to take the company public, feeling that it would slow their decision-making processes that have allowed their phenomenal growth. On a final note This leader and founder of IKEA is an Old – School Business man that made mistakes in his teens. His mistakes were that of an average teen that dreamed at glory and power or of that of an overworked man.He weakes up at 5am in the morning, every day and sometimes arrives at the IKEA store before the first truck. Ingvar Kamprad treats all his employees with respect and calls them co-workers, he recycles and he tries to persuade his employees not to buy expensive cars and big villas in countries that are reprezented as dots on the World map. Ingvar Kamprad built IKEA from scratch and he worked very hard so that the comapany became what it is today. Finally, he is a man that was interested in being a business man since he was a child.He is a much respected man and a wonderful example for future leaders and it was a pleasure for our team to work out together in order to realize this portfolio about Ingvar Kampard. I hope you enjoyed reading our essay as much as we enjoyed writing it. ( Questions Are there strong parallels between theory and organizational environment, reflecting your understanding of reality? -Based on our understandings the reason for that is most experiences in organizations have autonomous processes which are self-replicating and form themselves randomly by gro up decision.Theory is embedded only when it is actually considered firsthand Did you use various perspectives to analyze the leader? -We have extended our search into various perspectives about Ingvar Kampard, such as private life, workplace and even his â€Å"fun† time. How many problems or â€Å"bugs† did you identify in the theory or practice of leadership? -As far as we’ve gone into research, we were not able to find many bugs in the practice or the theory of our leader, only minor mistakes that are now â€Å"buried† underneath the ground. Do you have a critical approach to leadership? Our approach towards leadership is pretty much critical but not to a higher extent Did you use tables, logical schemes or graphics to illustrate your ideas? -At our meetings we needed to put up our ideas somewhere so we used logical schemes that we followed and established by ourselves and after that we transferred the info onto paper. Are your ideas backed-up by eviden ce? – The evidence is provided in the form of surveys and results conducted by people with authority to perform such research. Some evidence may be anecdotal, lacking any form of statistical analysis.However most of the data is falsifiable (both in theory and practice) hence observable in different ways, so that reality can speak for itself instead of giving evidence or proving points. Did you use relevant and important papers/authors? -We have used relevant and also important papers/authors/articles. Did you use both academic and professional sources? -Yes we did. One of our most important sources were the Harvard Business Reviews Reference: fondatorul-ikea/ ———————– [pic]