Nanotechnology in Quantum Computing

Question: Talk about the Nanotechnology in Quantum Computing. Answer: Zone of Research Project The Quantum processing is the calculation framework, which includes the quantum mechanical wonders to execute the mind boggling counts. Quantum figuring is the arrangement of registering by applying the superposition and snare forms (Wolf, 2015). The examination undertaking will concentrate on the innovation of new age PC, which will be in the possession of the clients very soon. The future PC will be not the same as the current day PC, which utilization of silicon chips and data transfer capacity variety. This pattern will be changed very soon, when the PCs will be framed with applying the nanotechnology. As opined by Barends et al. (2016), the work areas and the PCs will at that point be changed over into wooden pegs and balls connected to sticks by strings. This nanotechnology will contract the size of the silicon chips and will improve the registering pace and force with equal handling. In the event that the figuring velocity will be expanded, at that point individuals can have t he option to finish their works inside brief length. It will empower them to play out various undertakings inside somewhat residency and will help in the improvement as well. Along these lines, this examination venture will reveal insight into the utilization of the nanotechnology in the quantum processing. The advantages of utilizing this new processing framework will empower to speed up the individuals in future. This examination task will clarify the application system of the nanotechnology and its application on the quantum processing to imagine the future PCs. Applied establishment of the point The science has propelled itself all the time and has reached in this much with the assistance of the innovation of PCs. PC has made the existence simple for the individuals to play out any work. The examination will dissect the movement of the PCs until present. The past PCs, which were designed from the first to fifth era, have been taking a shot at the paired computerized electronic calculations (Veldhorst et al, 2014). Interestingly with this, the quantum PCs are taking a shot at the quantum calculations introduced by different researchers. The most talked about researcher on this subject is Peter Shor, who has introduced a quantum calculation to compute the prime components of huge numbers. Accordion to Hameroff, (2014), this figuring procedure will relies upon the quantum bits of the PC. Be that as it may, it is restricted by Weber et al. (2014), utilizing this calculation in the different quantum frameworks some of the time not causes the client to utilize a specific measure of quantum bits in an adaptable manner. The future quantum PCs won't chip away at the standard of parallel frameworks, which utilize just the 1s and 0s, rather it will utilize the qubits or quantum bits (Barends et al, 2016). The intensity of attractive powers at a subatomic scale will permit running free the exponential intensity of future PCs. Researchers and scientists have been dreaming for the man-made consciousness and computational neural systems (Veldhorst et al, 2014). Subsequent to concocting these quantum calculations, the fantasy can be valid in the truth. The speed of preparing has made the figuring quicker and it store the information with the control of particle pivot. The primary accomplishment of this nanotechnology was discovered when the universes littlest transistor was worked in 2012 by precise situating of only a 0.5 nanometre single phosphorus molecule. It was a progressive advance to push ahead to the most recent improvements in the figuring. As per Barends et al. (2014), the ongoing headways incorporate the two parts of the quantum innovation, its conduct and different progressions. Extent of examination The examination task will uncover the extension for the creation of future PC, which will diminish the presentation time of the clients. The future PC will empower the clients to register complex figurings inside a restricted period just as will likewise diminish the psychological contribution of the clients. It will be analyzed whether the utilization of nanotechnology can bring forth the computerized reasoning, which will change the world just as the human culture. It has dissected, in the event that the future PCs will be created by utilizing the quantum calculations, at that point those Future PCs won't have the RAM or DRAM. Rather than these, it will be made of MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory) (Wolf, 2015). Moreover, the utilization of qubits and qubytes will build the handling power exponentially. Alongside this, the current day gigaflops will be supplanted by the teraflops, exaflops, petaflops and lumaflops (Hameroff, 2014). The examination venture will likewise il luminate the correspondence framework, which will lessen the geopolitical limits. It will likewise start the space travel; improve the clinical innovation and consistently to-day movement. This venture can be utilized as auxiliary source in future. References Barends, R., Kelly, J., Megrant, A., Veitia, A., Sank, D., Jeffrey, E., ... Chen, Y. (2014). Rationale entryways at the surface code limit: Superconducting qubits ready for deficiency open minded quantum computing.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.4848. Barends, R., Shabani, A., Lamata, L., Kelly, J., Mezzacapo, A., Las Heras, U., ... Chen, Z. (2016). Digitized adiabatic quantum registering with a superconducting circuit.Nature,534(7606), 222-226. Hameroff, S. R. (2014).Ultimate registering: biomolecular awareness and nanotechnology. Elsevier. Veldhorst, M., Hwang, J. C. C., Yang, C. H., Leenstra, A. W., De Ronde, B., Dehollain, J. P., ... Dzurak, A. S. (2014). An addressable quantum spot qubit with flaw open minded control-fidelity.Nature nanotechnology,9(12), 981-985. Weber, B., Tan, Y. H., Mahapatra, S., Watson, T. F., Ryu, H., Rahman, R., ... Simmons, M. Y. (2014). Turn barricade and trade in Coulomb-restricted silicon twofold quantum dots.Nature nanotechnology. Wolf, E. L. (2015).Quantum nanoelectronics: a prologue to electronic nanotechnology and quantum registering. John Wiley Sons.

buy custom Impact of the European Settlement on the Indigenous People of Australia essay

purchase custom Impact of the European Settlement on the Indigenous People of Australia exposition The from the get-go in habitants of Australia were the native individuals. They were primarily dark in shading and generally they were thought to carry on with a crude life. They used to carry on with a calm life that was not convoluted by the advancement of the world. They were otherworldly and didn't have responsibility for particularly land. Their financial exercises were chasing and assembling of food in the woodland. Moreover, there rule of law or the method of administration they utilized was not convoluted. They used to settle their questions by the utilization of seniors of the network. Be that as it may, in the eighteenth century this was to change after the European pioneers came to choose there land. The Europeans brought all the social exercises forcibly to the native individuals. The native individuals didn't have another option however to follow what the pilgrims forced on them. Along these lines, the European pioneers greatly affected them prompting the difference in t heir lives for eternity. Conversation The European pioneers came to Australia in the eighteenth century with the motivations behind looking through grounds where they would rebuff their detainees. When the settled to Australia, they saw, that the terrains were entirely productive and they chose to take them from the indigenous individuals. The main effect they made to the lives of the native individuals was dislodging from their property. Before the European came to Australia the native didn't possess property (Australian Law Reform Commissions, 2001). Anyone could settle any place the individual in question needed. What's more, they regarded their profound grounds. No one could claim them or choose them. Notwithstanding, this changed after the European chose their territories. From the start, they pursued them away from their properties particularly those terrains that were profitable. They began giving of proprietorship lienses to themselves and offering the rest of the pieces of the terrains to the next European pione ers who wished to on those grounds. Along these lines, the aboriginals were dislodged of their territories (Fletcher, 2004). The other effect the Europeans pilgrims made to the lives of the natives was passing. The Europeans carried passing to the native individuals through clashes. This implied the aboriginals were attempting to secure their territories particularly the otherworldly grounds. All the while, it prompted passing of the aboriginals. The aboriginals regarded the dead and the regions where they were covered. These grounds were accepted to be otherworldly in this way, the regard they had for them. Then again, the European pilgrims couldn't have cared less about this; they had different things at the top of the priority list (New South Wales, 2010). This prompted them pursuing the aboriginals of from their otherworldly grounds and selling them. This came about to outrage of the aboriginals. They considered this to be lack of regard and they began to battle the Europeans. Thus, they were slaughtered prompting dread (Healy, 2008). This effect of death prompted the native individuals dreading for th eir lives. In conclusion, the European pilgrims affected the lives of the native individuals through the difference in their social monetary and equity societies (Clarke, 2008). The aboriginals societies were believed to be crude and in reverse by the European. Before the European came to Australia, the indigenous individuals had a peaceful life. Monetarily the natives used to work in the fields by get-together food and chasing in the timberlands. There equity framework was not entangled; they just had the older individuals as the pioneers of the various gatherings. This sort of way of life was proper and increased in value by the aboriginals. The cultural eethics and virtues are changed relying upon the earth they remain. At the point when the European pilgrims settled in Australia, they changed the social existences of the aboriginals until the end of time. In the wake of taking their territories, the aboriginals didn't have the land to assemble or chase for food (Leitner Malcolm, 2007). The aboriginals didn't have any land that they could use for their social exercises neither did they have the chance to rehearse their social exercises. Moreover, the European pilgrims forced their societies on the indigenous individuals. This was absorbed and made them a greater amount of them than the manner in which they were. In this manner, this prompted the effect on the lives of the aboriginals by changing their societies until the end of time. End Before, the native individuals occupied Australia. This individuals were dark in shading and they had a peaceful existence. They were not an innovative bundle of individuals and neither did they have the cutting edge method of living. They were agreeable in the existence they had and they didn't require any assistance in their lifestyle. Then again, the European so their lives totally uniquely in contrast to the aboriginals (Smith Lamberton, 2010). They felt that they drove a crude method of living and the best way to help them was to force decides that will completely change themselves to improve things. Subsequently, it prompted clashes between the two. One of the effects that the European changed the lives of the aboriginals was passing. In the contention the native were executed prompting dread. The other effect was the difference in their social, monetary and equity societies. Ultimately, they were dislodged of from lands particularly their otherworldly grounds. In spite of the fact that it may not be obvious in the current day, the aboriginals will never return to their lives as they were previously. Purchase custom Impact of the European Settlement on the Indigenous People of Australia paper

Moving Day, Part One COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Moving Day, Part One COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Todays the day that the Office of Admissions Financial Aid is moving to its new home. (Yay!) To see how the moves going, make sure you follow our Instagram account (@Columbia.SIPA) and the hashtag #SIPAmove. Im posting images of the move there, and will share more next week as we begin to unpack.   Heres a favorite image of our followers: Sorting through stacks of files takes more time than you think. Lets hope Grace Han, Executive Director of Admissions Financial Aid can get through it all before this weekends big move. Starting next Monday, you can find Grace still sorting things out at her new address at 514 West 113th Street, New York, NY 10025. #SIPAmove In the meantime, please be aware that well be a little behind on answering emails today (we  have to move our computers to the new space). Well still have access to the phones, and will respond to email inquiries as fast as we can. As a reminder, the new office is just five blocks south of the International Affairs Building, at 514 West 113th Street, New York, NY 10025. If youre in town next Friday, Feb. 20, 2015, please stop by our office warming party. Wed love to have you there to help us celebrate the move, and answer any last-minute admissions questions you may have. Happy Friday the 13th!

Human Resource Management - 2366 Words

Human Resource Management | | | * Historical perspective of Human Resource Management – From personnel management to Human Resources Management * Human Resource Management and Social Justice for Welfarism * Human Resource Management and Bureaucracy * Human Resource Management and Union-Negotiation * Human Resource Management and Organization * Human Resource Management Perspective A) Historical perspective of Human Resource Management – From personnel management to Human Resources Management Human resource management has changed in name various times throughout history. The name change was mainly due to the change in social and economic activities throughout history. Torrington et al identify six†¦show more content†¦Human resource management is the basis of all management activity. Management is about effective utilization of the organization’s people to make things happen in a productive and efficient way so that the organization prospers and the people thrive. Managing people is a complicated field of activity which requires the application of a wide range of knowledge and skill. It is a well known fact that committed employees are key factors in a company’s development and economic success. Torrington (2005) proposed the following evolutionary stages for the development of human resource management: * Social Justice: In the late 19th and 20th century, some large employers began to appoint welfare officers to manage new initiatives designed to make life less harsh for their employees. The results were higher productivity, improved retention of the work force and a bigger pool of applicants for each job. The more obvious welfare initiatives promoted by employers today include employee assistance schemes, child care facilities and health screening programmes. * Human bureaucracy: This marked the beginning of a move away from a sole focus on welfare towards meeting various other organizational objectives. C) Human Resource Management and Bureaucracy Two contrasting human resource management models, bureaucratic and strategic, are represented by polar configurations of theShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1140 Words   |  5 Pagesa business efficiently? Human Resource Management (HRM). Human Resources is the solid foundation that practically oversees the entire organization, whether its managing employees to surveilling the progress of every single department. There are six principle functions that Human Resource take into account: employee relations, recruitment, compliance, compensation and benefits, training and development, and safety (policies/regulations). Over time Human Resource Management has taken a new role intoRead MoreHuman Resources Management And Human Resource Management2123 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The study of human resource management becomes a major topic of the science of management at the beginning of 20th century and keeps attracting researchers’ attention (Merkle, 1980). The new models of human resource management derive from the advance of management theories and the accumulation of practices and experiences. With the development of global economy, the economic situation of each country deeply affects the world and becomes closely connected. In addition, the needs of customersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1138 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resources Management Hilti continues to grasp on success and expand globally, but their path weren’t always well defined. The company began in 1941 and historically they’ve kept to traditional strategies when it came to recognizing human resource requirements. In the early 2000’s, the company established a new set initiatives, aimed at doubling revenue and operating profits. Hilti also recognized that this type of growth would require invigorating ideas to employ human resourcing requirementsRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources Management941 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management is one of the most important aspects of any organization, whether it be non-profit, not for profit, or profit. Human Resources Management is what makes it possible for a manager to be able to focus on their work and tasks at hand and not have to deal with lots of unneeded interpersonal activities. They are in charge of correctly evaluating the candidates that the managers will have to work with for the duration of the candidate’s stay. They are responsible for makingRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management835 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management â€Å"They humanize the brand and help workforce communities thrive† (Who). A human resource management position may be the job for you. Every business and enterprise has a human resource manager, including Starbucks, Disney and even Apple. This job includes planning and coordination, organization, consulting employees and to oversee the work and employees. All the schooling and stress that comes along with this occupation pays off in the end with an enjoyable job. HumanRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1398 Words   |  6 Pages Human Resource Management Overview Tanya Phillips Dr. Andrea Scott, PhD HSA 320, Strayer University October 31, 2016 Human Resources Management Overview Human resources (HR) is the different kinds of clinical and nonclinical responsibilities for public and individual health involvement. The benefits and performance the system can deliver depends upon the knowledge, skills and motivation of those responsible for providing health services. Human resource managers don’t directlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management2534 Words   |  11 PagesIn most cases managers look at human resource management as an expense to a company rather than a source of benefit to the company however, research has proved that human resource management practices can be of greater value. Valuable decisions such as whom to recruit, what package to offer, the training necessary for the new recruits and how to assess employee performance directly affects the employee motivation and as such do affect the ability of the employee to provide products which the consumersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management95 8 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management Overview As we all know when it comes to every business and organization that is out there, they all need help from Human Resources to continue to help the company grow. What is human resource management? Well Human Resource Management is the overall process that deals with how Human Resources manages their employees as well as different issues that can come across within the organization. Human Resource Management are in charge of different tasks including recruiting asRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management820 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management Proper Planning is one of the most important aspects of human resource management. Without proper execution of plans, the particular needs of an organization that are the responsibility of human resources will not be reached, and therefore, will fall short of what is necessary for meeting the goals of an organization (DeCenzo, Robbins Verhulst 2013).There are many facets a human resource manager must be familiar with in order to run an organization. The functions of humanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Management1264 Words   |  6 Pagesand research with my family, I decided to go into human resource management, specifically in a hospital. Many people questioned and often said â€Å"Why human resource management?† My answer, I chose human resource managers because I believe they are a vital part of a hospitals success. They make the plans, they direct the staff and they coordinate how people work together and where they need to be. Throughout this paper , I will describe human resource managers- what they do, what are the requirements

Self Righteousness In Julius Caesar - 1066 Words

It appears that the largest conflict surrounding William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar seems to be the uncertainty concerning the exact role that Caesar himself is meant to fulfill within the play. It is truly unknown whether he was meant to be the domineering tyrant that need desperately to be stopped in the interest of the greater good or the vulnerable victim of Brutus’ lineage-driven self righteousness. The unknown significance of Caesar’s hearing impediment and his disregard for both the prophecy and letter regarding his death only obscures his already indeterminate role even further. In his essay, â€Å"‘Wisdom Consumed in Confidence’: An Examination of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar†, Douglas L. Peterson attempts to address these two large†¦show more content†¦The first belief he discusses is one in which Caesar’s statement is to be read figuratively. Caesar does not pretend to be hard of hearing and is not truly deaf. Instead, he is simply telling Antony that if he supports Caesar and wishes to reap the benefits that shall come from the affiliation, then he should remain on Caesar’s good side (Peterson). This belief does not seem overly unreasonable, as the proposed interpretation fits coherently within the conversation being held between Caesar and Antony at the time. Yet, Peterson does not seem convinced. He then introduces a second popular belief surrounding Caesar’s ear, that his partial deafness comes as a result of the epileptic seizure he suffered earlier on in the play (Peterson). It was a common belief at the time of Shakespeare that temporary deafness that occurs as the result of an epileptic seizure affects the left ear more often than not. Peterson finds this belief to be the most agreeable, yet still does not commit to it as the most correct interpretation. The final belief that he explains seems to sit most comfortably with him. This final belief explains how Caesar s poke his line about being deaf proverbially to express his belief that Antony’s estimation of Cassius is vacuous. A common proverb of the Elizabethan Era of Shakespeare used the imagery of being partially deaf to show disregard for an opinion that is not sensible andShow MoreRelatedHonor : A Tragic Hero1399 Words   |  6 PagesTragedy of Julius Caesar, Brutus takes the role of the tragic hero. Brutus’s honor, nobility, and self-righteousness makes him â€Å"a tragic figure, if not the hero† (Catherine C. Dominic). As the play opens, Brutus is known as a Roman nobleman and a member of one of the most illustrious families in Rome. He is first seen in Act I, scene ii, as one of Caesar’s â€Å"close friends† who is part of his entourage. But while alone with Cassius he is persuaded into taking a part in the assassination of Caesar. He isRead MoreComparision of Alexander the Great and Augustus Ceasar2530 Words   |  10 PagesAlexander thought of himself as the son of Greek god Zeus. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome who brought peace and stability to the Roman Empire. He was the grandson of the sister of Julius Caesar. His original name was Caius Octavius, but when he was adopted by the Julian gens (44 B.C.) he became Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian). He was named (given the title) Augustus later when he became the First Emperor or Rome by the senate. Augustus was seen as both a military leader as well as a religiousRead MoreEmersons Self Reliance5249 Words   |  21 PagesR.W. Emersons Self-Reliance The essay has three major divisions: the importance of self-reliance (paragraphs 1-17), self-reliance and the individual (paragraphs 18-32), and self-reliance and society (paragraphs 33-50). As a whole, it promotes self-reliance as an ideal, even a virtue, and contrasts it with various modes of dependence or conformity. Self-Reliance Paragraphs 1-17. The Importance of Self-Reliance. Emerson begins his major work on individualism by asserting the importance ofRead More Comparing the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire Essay2782 Words   |  12 Pagesto power through the removal of city-states and a Republic governed by a group of aristocratic consuls and Senate; instead, once the Roman Empire started to grow and become more powerful, an authoritarian monarchy ruled the people. For example, Julius Caesars’ son, Augustus, concentrated authority within the period of peace and minimal military expansion known as the Pax Romana. Emperors such as Augustus were known to be semi divine, but unlike the Han’s Mandate of Heaven, the Romans were civil rulersRead MoreThe New Hero of Aeneas Essay2008 Words   |  9 Pagestoil of beginning the life of Rome (I, 33). Once again, when Venus complains that her son Aeneas is unjustly treated, Jupiter replies not only by promising that all will be well for Aeneas but by giving a prophetic sketch of Roman history to Juli us Caesar. This reward, which the ancestor is to receive, is much more than his own success or glory, more even than his settlement in Italy. It is the assurance of the Roman destiny, of universal and unending dominion: To Romans I set no boundary in

Religion and the U.S. Constitution - 1881 Words

Religion and the U.S. Constitution HIST 121 - American History to 1877 May 2008 THESIS: The Constitution reflects our founder’s views of a secular government, protecting the freedom of any belief or unbelief. Some will argue religion, specifically Christianity, played a large role in the creation of this great nation’s government, the United States Constitution; however the facts reveal otherwise. The historian, Robert Middlekauff, observed, the idea that the Constitution expressed a moral view seems absurd. There were no genuine evangelicals in the Convention, and there were no heated declarations of Christian piety.1 INTRODUCTION: When the Constitution was submitted to the American public, many people†¦show more content†¦In fact, nowhere in the Constitution do we have a single mention of Christianity, God, Jesus, or any Supreme Being. There occurs only two references to religion and they both use exclusionary wording. The 1st Amendment s says, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. . . and in Article VI, Section 3, ...no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Thomas Jefferson interpreted the 1st Amendment in his famous letter to the Danbury Baptist Association in January 1, 1802: I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between church and State.5 Some Religious activists try to extric ate the concept of separation between church and State by claiming that those words do not occur in the Constitution. Indeed they do not, but neither does it exactly say freedom of religion, yet the First Amendment implies both. James Madison, perhaps the greatest supporter for separation of church and State, and whom many refer to as the father of the Constitution, also held similar views which he expressed in his letter to EdwardShow MoreRelated Freedom from Religion: Perversion of the U.S. Constitution Essay2416 Words   |  10 PagesIn the two hundred and thirteen years since its ratification, the U.S. Constitution has been the very spine of America—the single-most effective element in the preservation of her sacred liberties. Contained therein are the revolutionary ideals of its framers, influenced by the precepts of Enlightenment and spurred on by their own experiences in the perils of tyrannical oppression. Thus the preservation of America’s sacred freedoms has been the result of a strict adherence to the forefathers’ insightsRead MoreUtopia Vs Constitution1039 Words   |  5 PagesBoth Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the United States Constitution outline a form of government. There are similarities and differences between the two governments. Utopia, which translates to Greek for â€Å"no place†, describes an idealistic form of government where money and private property do not exist. The United States Constitution, on the other hand, illustrates a balanced government and justice system that protects and gives power to the people. Both forms of government have equal gender rightsRead MoreDifferences Between The United States Constitution And The Costa Rican Constitution945 Words   |  4 Pagesmost thought worthy point in this Constitution Day Program was when they mentioned that the only way to truly understand one’s own government, other governments must be studied and explored. Otherwise, everything ca n be exploited or disrespected in their own government. Throughout the program the main topic that is discussed is the similarities and the differences between the United States constitution and the Costa Rican constitution. With the two constitutions there is only a fifteen to twentyRead MoreThe World Was Made By Native American Origins And The Sky Tree1557 Words   |  7 Pagestradition was spiritual stories, such as who was the creator of the Earth. Civic documents are present in present day such as the Constitution of the United States or the Iroquois Constitution. They did share similarities such as in each spiritual story Earth started as water but differences such as religion based constitutions versus non religion based constitutions also existed. Many stories have been created explaining who actually created the Earth. Popular creation stories are â€Å"How the WorldRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Constitution Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pages1787, delegates from 13 states met in Philadelphia to write what was later to become the U.S. Constitution. This draft specifically stated what the government would do but it did not state what it couldn’t do. This became a major hurdle for the ratification of the constitution. For more than four years, there was much debate over the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. The Federalists argued that the Constitution did not need to include a Bill of individual rights and the Anti-Federalists refusedRead MoreThe History Of America Research Paper909 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the Enlightenment and the U.S. Constitution, the Northwest Ordinance and the Bill of Rights, plus the Magna Carta and the Northwest Ordinance are substantial and played a crucial role in shaping the United State s as it is today.   Ã‚  Ã‚   During the Enlightenment a notable philosophe and public figure by the name of Montesquieu wrote a book by the name â€Å"The Spirit Of The Laws†.   This book came out in 1749, 38 years before the U.S. Constitution. While the U.S. Constitution was created 38 years later,Read MoreSame Sex Marriage Is The Legal Union Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pageswith those who it directly affects the most, homosexuals. If the U.S were to make same sex marriage legal in all fifty states would it really cause problems among society? The only way it would create problems, is amongst those who oppose it, but the U.S law cannot be biased to only a certain portion of their society. Denying gays the right to become legally married is showing the U.S defines their law based on religion, denies gays marriage and financial benefits and also denies same-sexRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States895 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of our country there are a handful of documents that have stood the test of time, however the documents that have remained relevant are ever more important today then when they were originally drafted. The U.S. Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and Thomas Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury Baptist Church are three documents that are still hold relevance in today’s societal discussions. These three documents hold truths, principals and ideologies that were and areRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights931 Words   |  4 PagesCivil liberties and civil rights are both similar and different in various ways by means of the United States Constitution, court cases, and legislation. Civil liberties are a constitutional guarantee while civil rights are a government gua rantee for the people of America. Though they are much alike in providing people with freedom and individual power, it is important to know the differences. Firstly, civil liberties are constitutional guarantees based on freedom and order. Order comes along withRead MoreThe Prayer On Public Schools1240 Words   |  5 Pageshas been the focal point of an ongoing debate about the position of religion in American civilization. The question of the legality of prayer in public schools brings together a number of important notions in American government and legal philosophy. Opponents and proponents of school prayer set forth their arguments in such major constitutional issues as the separation of church and state, the right to free exercise of religion, and the respective powers of local, state, and national governments

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Critical Thinking and Problem Solving. Answer: Brainstorming This is a technique which is applied in various organizations in order to generate new and unique ideas. Brainstorming is generally used before starting a project. This is done by following a process of group discussion where everyone present in the organization places their own perception to develop a new project (Gallagher, 2013). This clarifies any problem or doubt that took place while planning about the project. A successful brainstorming session considers the suggestion of every person participating in the discussion to be valid. Most of the brainstorming sessions are considered to be unstructured. Multiple ideas are gathered. The best idea is selected among these ideas. People are encouraged to appreciate the other participants rather than criticizing them in the brainstorming session. Brainstorming sessions boost people to think in a free way and evaluate ideas (Wilson, 2013). A good example of brainstorming session is the general meeting that takes place in a software develo pment company like Microsoft. This can also be considered to be a technique that can be used in a conference. People do not give ideas on a usual basis in an organization. Brainstorming sessions brings out the innovative side of each person very clearly (Keeney, 2012). Certain rules can be followed in order to generate good ideas and these rules can be helpful for introvert people to open up and give ideas during the session. Trial and Error This is a technique that can be used to solve complex and difficult issues and problems. Trial and error technique or method can be used in order to solve those problems that can have multiple chances or choices to come to a single solution (Garrett, 2013). This methodology cannot be used to solve problems where multiple alternatives are not present. Trial and error techniques cannot be used in cases where a doctor is carrying out an operation on a patient or in case of bomb diffusion. This method is useful in gaining knowledge. Suppose there are several alternatives to reach a solution in that case, the researcher can use each of the alternatives and check the result (Berkeley, 2013). The option that gives the correct result is selected. If the one option does not give the desired result then the next option can be tried out. Mechanical and engineering problems are most of the time solved by using this trial and error methodology. This technique is not used for getting the best resu lt but it is used for simply finding a solution (Ruediger et al., 2012). It needs a lot of patience. A very good example of this technique is the attempts made by engineers of aircrafts to break the barrier of sound. An example of trial and error in the IT industry is the testing that is done after developing software. References Berkeley, A., 2013.Trial and error. Arcturus Publishing. Gallagher, S., 2013.Brainstorming: Views and interviews on the mind. Andrews UK Limited. Garrett, B.L., 2013. Trial and error.Wrongful convictions and miscarriages of justice: Causes and remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems, p.77. Keeney, R.L., 2012. Value-focused brainstorming.Decision Analysis,9(4), pp.303-313. Ruediger, S., Spirig, D., Donato, F. and Caroni, P., 2012. Goal-oriented searching mediated by ventral hippocampus early in trial-and-error learning.Nature neuroscience,15(11), pp.1563-1571. Wilson, C., 2013.Brainstorming and beyond: a user-centered design method. Newnes.

A Surprising Tip to Finding Your Ideal Career

A Surprising Tip to Finding Your Ideal Career Embarking on the path to find a new career can be daunting. You can purse anything and everything, which seems  exciting–but for many, the idea of too many choices and directions adds more layers of stress. How do you narrow down the possibilities? Start by making a list titled, â€Å"Professional Activities I Hate.†Seem unproductive? Why be negative from the start? Well, when you can go in only a few of seemingly limitless options, it’s helpful to have a method of elimination. That way, you won’t waste your time pursuing career paths that might ultimately leave you unhappy and unfulfilled.To start your list, think about daily activities you really despise. Do you hate to talk on the phone? Are you not a fan of sitting indoors and a computer for hours on end? Does being on your feet all day make you grumpy and exhausted? Do you love working closely with people, or do you prefer a solitary workspace? Writing down what you don’t  like (and thinkin g about why you don’t like these activities) will help clarify what you do  like.Avoiding from the get-go jobs that will leave you unsatisfied is a smart way to find a career you can thrive in for years to come. Take time now to pare down your options so you don’t waste it in the job hunting process!Trying To Find Your Passion? Figure Out What You HateRead More at idealistcareers.org

Napoleons control over Europe essays

Napoleon's control over Europe essays Napoleon was able to control most of Europe by 1807 due to many victories over countries in The Third Coalition, battle tactics such as surprise attacks which his opponents did not know how to deal with, and his own sheer brilliance and intelligence. Napoleon was able to use his intelligence in negotiation as well as the battle field. In 1805 Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden formed The Third Coalition. Fearing the monarchical pretensions and territorial greediness of Napoleon I (wsu.edu:8000/~dee/REV/NAPOLEAN.HTM). This coalition was intended to force France and Napoleons Empire back to the size it was, before the revolution. Despite being led by Britain, the coalition was a failure. Napoleons original plans were to invade England, but he decided to destroy this new threat to his supremacy on land (Two centuries: A profile of modern history, page 83) by overthrowing the Third coalition. Napoleon did this by marching his army swiftly into Germany, not only surprising the Austrian army but encountering them with battle techniques such as surprise attacks, and artillery and infantry co-ordination, which they did not know how to deal with, resulting in their surrender at Ulm. In November he had occupied Vienna, the Hasburg capital and on December 2, 1805, he defeated the Austrians and Russians at the Battle of Austerlitz (sparknotes.com/biography/napoleon/section6.rhtml) by once again using battle techniques that they did not know how to deal with. This victory gave Austria no other option but to accept the Peace of Pressburg, in which they were forced to cede all of Italy north of Rome to him. (wsu.edu:8000/~dee/REV/NAPOLEAN.HTM) Napoleon added it to his Kingdom of Italy (Two centuries: A profile of modern history, page 83) and he then had himself crowned king...

How the IT effect Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

How the IT effect Management - Research Paper Example According to, the management expert  Peter Drucker  (1909-2005)(BusinessDictionary.com, 2012), the central  task  of management includes both the factors of marketing and innovation.   Management comprises of the interrelated  functions  of creating  corporate policy  and  planning, organizing, controlling, and  directing  an  organization's  resources, towards the path of achieving the end goals and objectives of that  policy, such as productivity and increase in sales, expansion etc. The Managers and Directors are in the controlling position and they also have the  authoritative power  and  responsibility, to control human and material resources, making layouts and if change is the best option, then planning, executing and implementing the change process, to achieve efficiency and affectivity both. The managers have the insight and experience to create a vision for the organization, using Information Technology as a tool and a guiding force. Theà ‚  size  of management can vary  from one  person  in a small organization, to a host of managerial positions in multinational  companies. ... Information Technology: Information Technology (I.T) are the Standard Set of  certain specified tools, processes, and  methodologies, such as: programming or coding,  Ã‚  data  conversion,  data communications, storage  and retrieval, and more elaborately speaking, system control, systems analysis  and  design etc, that along with  associated  equipment  employed  to collect,  process, and present  information. In wide-ranging  terms, IT also includes  multimedia, office automation and  telecommunications (BusinessDictionary.com, 2012). Various Aspects of Management and their relationship with Information Technology: Project Management, Human resource management, Change management etc. 1) Relationship between Information Technology and Project Management: Project Management can be defined by the PMI (Project Management Institute) as, applying and dedicating expertise, tools, knowledge, skills and techniques to project activities to fulfill the projec t’s requirements (PMI, 2004, p.368, as cited in LeBlanc, 2008)). Project managers are the ones, who are responsible for the project activities, its starting and end date, they are crucial to the project from start to finish. Whether, it is delivering a service, product or increasing the organization’s productivity and sales etc. The fastest growing industry, especially in the developing countries is the Information Technology sector. No organization can prosper or grow without having a strong and competitive I.T department. But as the demand for I.T is increasing, so is the need for strong project managers, as the two go hand in hand. Mostly I.T projects fail due to estimated and actual cost over-run, which is due to lack of

Drugs And Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Drugs And Society - Assignment Example The paper gives an in-depth analysis of the areas stated above. Drug abuse is a complex disorder that is characterized by a compulsive need for drugs and alcohol even if it has negative effects. Antecedents can be defined as the factors that encourage an individual to engage in drug abuse. Some individuals use drugs to escape emotional stress or physical pain (NIDA, 2010). Risk of addiction is affected by many aspects including age or stage of development, sociological and biological factors. These factors increase an individual’s vulnerability to drug abuse. The biological factors are dictated upon by the genetic make up of an individual together with the environmental influences. NIDA (2010) stipulates that these factors account for fifty percent of vulnerability among individuals. Additional factors that fall under this category include ethnicity and gender as they may influence the risk for drug use and addiction. The environment has an impact on an individual since it affects the quality of life and the socioeconomic status (NIDA, 2010). Factors including peer pressure, stress, physical and social abuse and parental involvement affect a persons way of life making them more vulnerable to drug abuse. The environmental and genetic factors interact with developmental stages in a person’s life to affect the level of vulnerability. It is observed that if an individual starts using drugs at an early age, they are likely to advance to higher levels of addiction. Drug abuse in the adolescent years is quite dangerous since important development of the brain takes place at this stage. This affects their self control, decision making and judgment. Drug abuse affects society in multiple ways, the health and social costs associated with illicit use are staggering. The nation spends approximately $69.9 billion annually on health complications caused by

Applications of Reference Checks in Selection Process

Applications of Reference Checks in Selection Process Discuss the reasons for carrying out reference checks and the effective ways to conduct it during the selection process. Based on numerous assessment methods available on hiring employees, reference checks are deemed vital as it is seen as a powerful tool that generates and gathers useful reports of knowledge on any applicant’s previous working history in terms of their accomplishment and history. A successful reference guiding process depends almost heavily on the principle which is based on behavioral consistency. This simply is because it is believed to be the most reliable principle based on analyzing and forecasting the future behavior of applicants in terms of job performance and also based on previous behavioral working history. Not only does this method guarantees choosing future candidates with a strong background of history in terms of previous history of job-related performances, referencing checking aids managers to determine and exclude future candidates that are known to have histories of inappropriate and unacceptable workplace related behaviors. References that are properly condu cted according to standard operating procedures aid organizationsin verifying successful job predictions and determining the right qualifications that helps put everything in place in order to make sure the selected organization manages to get the right person to fill in the job vacancy. This is important as by failing to obtain the right future employee will result in a lot of lost in terms of finance, time and the fact of maybe having to face a lawsuit for dismissing the candidate prematurely. A reference check which is well structured is a well-organized evaluation of a candidates previous job work-related performances. This is based upon exchanging dialogs with previous co-workers of the future candidate. Like any other pre-employment interviews, reference checking is at its optimum levels when it is coordinated to be structured perfectly along with the integration of thoughts into the potential hiring process. A well-structured check is almost a hundred percent, if not more successful than carrying out an informal conversation with the candidate’s previous co-workers. This is because it helps to gather useful information that will boost the hiring manager’s confidence based upon the results that he or she will obtain and at the same time, a well-organized referencing check will help to enhance any legal dispute that may occur in the near future. The following are the multiple options that can be structured besides the standard ‘having a casual conver sation’ .This can be shaped to be a successful tool that can easily be made to assess candidates with ease. But before that, what are some of the purposes of having to conduct references check you may ask? Well, one of the most important steps of planning process is to determine various purpose of having a reference check. This will help in 2 major ways; Firstly, this will help aid the various types of information that needs to be collected and stored and secondly, the process that will be conducted in order to obtain it . The data that is collected from reference checks may ultimately serve three different means. First and foremost, it helps to verify the truth behind the initial information that has been given by the candidates during their interview, on their application forms and lastly on their resume. Next, the data collected by reference checks helps in unveiling signs of undesirable and unacceptable previous history of behavioral work pattern. Last but not least, this method helps to determine the amount of development that the future candidate may require in terms of setting up future extra training to help fill in the ‘training-gap’ in order for the candidate to help achieve the goals and vision of the hiring organization. Now, back to the examples of various means of reference checks; Job related, the aim is to concentrate on the candidate’s abilities to perform the task and job that are stated along the lines from the statement of merit criteria. Organizing the check over this criterion gives a more detailed forecast of future job abilities .Observation, any information that is going to be provided by a referee has to be based on experience or observation or previously working with the candidate. This allows the referee to utilize his experience to further support the candidate by commenting on the abilities and performance of the candidate from their previous job. Standardize, A set of standard equal questions are asked toward all referees in all appointment procedures. This method ensures that there is a fair ‘playing field’ for all candidates and that they are respected and treated as one, equally. Behavioral focused, Almost all reference checks becomes more liberal and any jud gementing errors are greatly reduced simply by focusing on behaviors that are work-related. By asking proper questions and differentiating proper information with skills ensures that any fraudulent image pictured by the candidates is gunned down. Legal Defense, This has developed to become one of the greatest aspect that should be considered by all firms simply to be at the right side of the law and to be protected just incase of any unforeseen circumstances in the future. A detailed and proper reference check will help enable any organization to ensure that they uphold the requirements met by the government in their respective region. Reference checking is deemed as one of the final steps before actually considering hiring an actual candidate and it is important if not more important compared to the previous steps of the initial selection stages. It is vital that the outcome of this step is dealt directly with the ability of the candidate to perform the job required to do accordingly. It is important to plan basic questions that will allow you to ask the referee of the applicants and questions that will be directed directly to the applicants as well. Moreover, if the organization is dealing with more than 1 candidate, then specific questions should be prepared before hand as it will help to clarify any problems specifically towards each and every candidate respectively. As always, it is always better to prepare beforehand so that the time is saved and everything is checked before making the final decision. In order to conduct a proper standard of record keeping, its almost advisable to create a reference form that will include the name of the interviewer, the name of the candidate, the time and date , position that the applicant is applying for and last but not least, their previous workplace name. A standard set of questions should be included as well and the form should have sufficient space for addition notes that you will take down during their response to the questions that will be asked. One of the effective ways to conduct referencing checks is to conduct an interview with the potential candidates. Questions should be asked like they are asked in any other interviews regarding their pass experiences, ask questions regarding to their ability of carrying out the job given, their general thoughts on the job ,the output that they are willing to commit to , the ability to work with other employees regardless of their gender or race, their ability to get along with higher ranked employees who might not be easy going etc. Bear in mind that the reason is to extract vital information from the potential candidate. A clear picture of the candidate’s strengths and weakness should be gathered as the interview is conducted in order to finalized the referencing check. A referee that is brought in maybe interviewed as well in order to get a clear picture of the candidate’s pass job related experience and behavior. Another common step in conducting a referencing check is by verifying their education background. If the job scope requires a candidate with a strong education background, then it is almost required to firstly, contact the school register system in order to verify the validity of the certification. Next, it is important to contact the university or college of the candidate to verify their higher education degree. The last step to conduct a successful referencing checks is to hire an investigation team to conduct a criminal record search on the potential candidate. As mentioned earlier, a job with a higher job scope that will allow future employees to deal directly with customers definitely requires a proper security. Any applicant to the desired job should be required to sign off a waiver of any claims regarding the final outcome of the investigation. If say the background check comes back positive, then it should be forwarded to the organization’s legal counsel team for them to determine if the candidate is fit for the job or n ot . To summarize it, I feel that the importance of conducting referencing checks during any selection process is extremely vital. Not only will this allow any organization to employ the most suitable candidates for the job posting but it will help to prevent any organization from losing money in terms of facing law suits or time , in terms of conducting extra unnecessary training to fill In the training gaps that are require to carry out the initial job postings. There are several issues regarding this step in recent days and one of the main factors is that former employees especially in developed countries are almost reluctant to comment on their previous workers as they fear facing potential lawsuits. I believe, that in order to get the perfect candidate for the job, smaller companies , or in fact companies that works around their clients hand-in-hand which requires employees to enter their home , office etc. ( as in technicians, teachers , etc ) should consider outsourcing their refer ence checks to external companies in order for their future employees to be checked thoroughly from every aspect.

Carbon Sinks In the Oceans Analysis Essay -- greenhouse gas, carbon dio

Carbon sinks are found when there is a collection of carbon dioxide within a reservoir. Both, the terrestrial and aquatic systems, can act as natural carbon sinks, as can the atmosphere, where the collections of carbon dioxide as well as carbon dioxide emissions are high. The efficiency of these sinks has been declining since the 1990’s (Canadell et al. 2007). Approximately, 50% of carbon dioxide emissions are collected in the terrestrial and oceanic sinks (Ritschard 1992), which are detrimental to the ecosystem. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been significantly small compared to the anthropogenic emissions when it comes to substantiality (Canadell et al. 2007). This is because the natural carbon sinks of the ocean remove some of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (Canadell et al. 2007). Although the exact amount of carbon stored in these sinks cannot be determined due to lack of research, scientists do know that coastal ecosystems (or intertidal zones) are the most inte nse carbon sinks around (Vierros 2013). It is well known that carbon dioxide is a radioactive gas (Edmonds 1992). Carbon dioxide as well as the other radioactive gases such as ozone and water vapor, (Edmonds 1992) are the gases that become trapped in the atmosphere and are commonly referred to as greenhouse gases. There is approximately a 0.4% increase of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere a year (Ritschard 1992). Carbon has been collecting in the oceans for many years. Because of the addition of human activity, much of the carbon dioxide that enters into oceanic and other aquatic systems comes from the terrestrial systems (Oswood et al. 1996). These sources include but are not limited to eroding peat, inorganic carbon, runoff and soil dissolved ... ...O2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity and efficiency of natural sinks. PNAS. V104(47): 18866-18870 2) Chung, I.K., Beardall, J., Mehta, S., Sahoo, D., and Stojkovic, S. 2011. Using marine macroalgae for carbon sequestration: a critical appraisal. J. Applied Phycology V23(5):877-886 3) Edmonds, J. 1992. Why understanding the natural sinks and sources of CO2 is important: A policy analysis perspective. Water, Air and Soil Pollution V64:11-21 4) Orr, J.C., and Sarmiento, J.L. 1992. Potential of Marine Macroalgae as a Sink for CO2: Constraints for a 3-D General Circulation Model of the Global Ocean. Water, Air and Soil Pollution V64:405-421 5) Oswood, M.W., Irons III, J.G., and Schell, D.M. 1996 Dynamics of Dissolved and Particulate Carbon in an Arctic Stream. Landscape Function and Disturbance in the Arctic Tundra. Ecological Studies. V120:275-289

Chemistry Lab Experiment: The Flame Test Essay

Flame test: AIM: To determine which part of the salt is responsible for the characteristics in the flame. HYPOTHESIS: If we introduce a metal salt in the blue flame of the Bunsen burner, then the colour given off by the flame is due to the metal part of the salt. METHOD: (1)With a heat proof mat under the Bunsen burner, turn the gas on and light up the Bunsen burner with matches. (2)Pour enough Hydrochloric acid into a beaker. (3)Using your wire, dip it into the beaker containing Hydrochloric acid (4)Place it into the flame for a few seconds; this is the cleaning method to avoid contamination of other solutions. If the Bunsen burner flame does not change colour, then your wire is clean and you can proceed to dip it into a metal salt. (5)Dip your wire into a metal salt either the nitrate or chloride and place the wire onto the tip of the blue flame. (6)Observe the change in colour of the Bunsen burners flame and record the observations as you go. (7)As long as you clean the wire as directed in step 3-4 you can proceed into testing the other metal salts. QUESTIONS: Q1: Were there any main difference between the chloride salts and the nitrate salts? If there was please comment on what it was Yes, I had observed some difference between the colour produced from the chloride and nitrate salts present in one flame test. The strontium flame admitted both a similar orange colour, but the strontium nitrate has a much more vibrant dark orange than the strontium chloride. Q2: Suggest reasons why the experiment tested both nitrate and chloride salts? The experiment tested both nitrate and chloride salts to allow us to compare which part of salt is responsible for the colour change of the flame. Q3: Suggest why flames on gas stove burn orange-yellow when a small amount of water boils over onto them? This is due to the chemicals present in the water; such as sodium chloride, calcium ion. The orange-yellow flame admitted could also be due to the ingredients added to the water such as salt. Discussion: When the metal salt is introduced to the flame, the electrons absorb heat energy and can jump into a higher energy level. Because the electrons are now at a higher and more energetically unstable level, they fall back down to their original shell, by doing so visible light is emitted due to the energy release. Name a possible source of experiment error and suggest at least one way to reduce the effect: A possible experimental error that could have effect the result is contamination of metal salts. As directed in the steps you must clean the wire using hydrochloric acid. By doing this you are removing any traces of the previous metal salts that could alter the true colour of the flame produce by a different metal salt. By reusing the same wire at each metal salt, you could reduce the effect. Each wire will be completely free of contamination of other metal salts as it will be exposed to only one metal salt. CONCLUSION: Data collected from the flame test identified that both chloride and nitrogen tested were identical, meaning metal is responsible for the colour produced in the flame. This is evidence that strongly supports my hypothesis; therefore I accept my hypothesis on that basis.

Descriptive Essay About Frankenstein - 1297 Words

I saw myself. Hideous, that s what I was. People were afraid of me, so I have to hide. A hidden figure in the darkness of the night. I don’t remember why I looked like this therefore, I don’t remember anything , however I remember him. I saw him. I saw him at the party. In the crowd of people who were running away from something with fear leaving with them however, one boy that was the not running away. He just stood there . I didn’t know if he was shocked or he was going to cry. It was one of those situations where he gave me a look like if-I-get-close-to-me-I-will-punch-you looks. I didn’t know what to do so, I start to walk closer to him and then a dark red floating object caught my eye. I turn to see a red balloon floating east.†¦show more content†¦I came back to reality and see now I’m standing by a sign that says ‘’Welcome to Derry’’. Behind the giant sign was a sewage tunnel. I walked into the grey wa ter and walked around for a bit. Trying to find a spot to sleep I soon reached what I thought was the end of the sewers, however it was the meeting point of where all the sewage pipes meet in Derry. For some reason I felt like I have been here before. In my own thought, I hear some say a name. ‘’Hiya, Georgie!’’ I turn around to see the one who took my last breath away from me, Pennywise. ‘’Welcome back!’’ The clown said, as I stepped back away from my nightmare it moved closer to me.‘’Did you miss me?’’ The clown said to me now and hovering over me with a big smile on his face. In the crease of his mouth slobbered built up and dripped from his mouth onto my forehead. ‘’NO!’’ I screamed as I pushed pasted him running. ‘’ YOUR NOT REAL’’ I said sobbing. Hesitantly, the demonic creature then licked his lips and said ‘’ But Georgie I’m Pennywise the dancing clown’’ he responded with a smirk on his face. ‘’ GEORGIE’’ I turn to see Bill. He is with seven other boys and two girls. Pennywise was distracted by the group so I tried running to them, but he got me. Hands were wrapped around my neck. I couldn t breathe. I felt something touch my hand and I let out a sob. I tried to calm myself down. This isn’t going to happen again. IShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About Frankenstein1605 Words   |  7 Pagescoming home and talking about the ‘’Loser’’ gang. I come out of my thought and realize Eddie is looking at me sadly. I then say ‘’ It’s okay there’s nothing you can do’’ I lay on the floor and say ‘’ I’m already dead’’ with a hint of sarcasm. I turn my head towards the other teens and see Pennywise is gone and they all ran towards me. I look at Bill and see his eyes are glossy and he s about to cry. I tell Bill to tell me about what I have missed. He starts telling me about a fiery redhead girlRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe following essay is a book review of Frankenstein, which summarizes and evaluates the story. 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Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreEssay about The Real Monster in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein991 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay I will be discussing who really is portrayed as the monster in her gothic horror novel, Frankenstein or â€Å"The Modern Prometheus†. Frankenstein was written in 1816, (thought by many to be the first real science fiction novel) dur ing the age of Romanticism and it tells the story of a selfish man, Victor Frankenstein, whose ambition conducts him to seek for supernatural powers and leads him to death. He is a young scientist, eager to discover something new, the key to life, help to makeRead MoreThe Task Of Composing A Descriptive Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesRecently, my Composition I teacher assigned the class the task of composing a descriptive essay. This led me to the question, â€Å"what is a descriptive essay?† What topic could I possible write about for three whole pages? What have I done, seen, or experience that could fill these three long pages? My life thus far has been quite sheltered, so this has created quite the dilemma for me. Being that I am supposed to be descriptive, I feel the need to describe the stress that this has created for me. My physicalRead More Chapter 5 of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesChapter 5 of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Within this essay I intend to discuss how Frankenstein and his creature change and how subconsciously they love each other. Chapter 5 will be used to show different themes as well as seeing how Frankenstein acts around his creation. Also the way Frankenstein has played God will be seen in this chapter. I will start this essay by looking at chapter 5. Shelley shows, in chapter 5, Frankenstein and the creature’s reaction to the ‘creation’. ShelleyRead MoreIdeas and Warnings in Frankenstein Essay2128 Words   |  9 PagesFrankenstein is full of ideas and warnings, which are relevant to a modern day audience; in what ways does Shelley explore. Frankenstein Coursework Q. Frankenstein is full of ideas and warnings, which are relevant to a modern day audience; in what ways does Shelley explore these ideas? The novel Frankenstein is set in the pre 1914’s, when there were theories on certain things that they did not understand. It is full of darkness and tragedy in some places. In the book, Mary Shelley the Read More11 Types of Essay4025 Words   |  17 PagesEDITORIAL ESSAY Car has become a basic necessity for everyone these days. There are many people who are simply crazy about cars. An essay on car is a very interesting thing to do. One can write a lot about a car in an essay. 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But in a work of literature, all of these streams flow through the world the writer creates. 1.2. Literary genres To interpret a literary work, one needs to know something about its genre. The distinctions between genres of literary works are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups. The most general genres in literature are (in a chronological order): epic, tragedy, comedy, novel, short story, and creative nonfiction

Essay on African American Personality - 640 Words

What is personality? How does it relate to Blacks? These are just a few of the questions that might surface when researching human personality. According to Websters Dictionary, personality is the totality of qualities and traits, as of character or behavior that are peculiar to a specific person. Personality is characterized by the collective character, behavioral, temperamental, emotional, and mental traits of a person. While personality relates to all persons, when studying Black personality, one must take into consideration the experiences of the African community as a whole. When discussing personality one must understand the differences between personality and black personality. While it may be difficult to find an†¦show more content†¦While it may seem as if these individual theories epitomize personality, it is a fact that personality is made up of each of these theories. Due to the fact that the majority of Blacks and Whites generally live in two separate cultures, it is important to understand that the current theories on personality may not explain black personality (Houston, 1990). While there have been many attempts to define Black personality from a Eurocentric point of view, many psychologist discovered that the research conducted from a western point of view have depicted negative portrayals of Blacks. According to a study conducted by Crain and Weisman the personality and behavioral traits that are exhibited more commonly in Blacks than in whites are characterized by high rates of violence and crimes, high rates of escapism, excessive apathy and timidity, low level learning in both academic and job related settings, and high levels of intrapersonal difficulties (Houston,1990). Although their may be some truth to the theory asserted by Crain and Weisman, many Black psychologist have found that the theories are not always true. Instead of pe rsonality being attributed to negative denotations, Black psychologist have developed an Afrocentric theory of personality which is characterized by rich spirituality, a black world-view, a commitment to black causes and a over drive to improve the black community (Azibo,1984, cited in Houston, 1990). While majority of the AfrocentricShow MoreRelatedEssay about Personality Differences: African Americans vs. Caucasians2228 Words   |  9 PagesPsychological Differences between African-American and Caucasian Individuals: An Endless Controversy Alana Carran Psychology 308K 7980 Semester 1209 Alana Carran Dawn K. 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Essay about Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18

Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make a lot of sense in the world. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make more sense. It would be better for the teens that drink on college campus. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because you can vote at eighteen, buy tobacco, it’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the law, evidence supports that early introduction of drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse, and college people that are not 21 drink also. If teenagers that are now turning 18 can vote, then they should be able to drink at the age of 18. If teens are 18 and old enough to vote, they should be able to drink. Saying they can vote, is calling them responsible and mature enough to pretty much vote. At age 18,†¦show more content†¦Tobacco, can give the person doing it buzzed or drunk and give them the risk of a disease. Therefore, in the long run, the person will probably regret doing tobacco. It’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the l aws. Teens find it exciting to break the law. Once they start breaking the law, it’ll get them addicted to the thrill of breaking the law. They’re going to want to keep breaking the law just to be cool. (â€Å"Reasons†). When they break the law, they think that since other people won’t do it, that it’s going to be cool to break the law and look bad. Most parents should know that almost all kids drink. If they know that their kids drink, why not let them have legally drink at 18, with not having their kids get in jail for drinking under age. (â€Å"Age†). For example, why would you go through the trouble if your child drinks and gets caught because they’re not 21 yet, but are in college and over 18 and you have to bail them out? Therefore most college kids aren’t even 21 yet, but are still exposed to alcohol and drink. Early introduction into drinking will reduce binge drinking. If people are introduced into drinking early, they’ll be drinking moderately. Scientific evidence supports that early introduction to drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse. Young people in France, Spain, and Argentina, rarely abuse alcohol. They start drinking within their families, which sees drinking in moderation as natural. They rarelyShow MoreRelatedLowering Legal Drinking Age Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Half the United States population starts drinking at the age of 14.When you are 18 you have privileges like joining the army. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) You can go to war and die for your country but you still can not enjoy an ice cold beer. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) How is being 21 different from being 18? How does three more years of not drinking make you mature enough to drink? The longer you drink the more you start toRead MoreLegalizing the Drinking Age to 181624 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing the Drinking Age to 18 When people turn to the age of eighteen, they are finally considered an adult. They can join the army, have the right to vote, buy cigarettes or tobacco products, get a tattoo and even die for our country, but they aren’t allowed to buy alcohol? A person can be responsible enough to live on his or her own, make money, pay bills, and yet they are not old enough to purchase or consume any type of alcohol. Underage drinking has been a major controversial issue forRead MoreWhy Lowering The Drinking Age Is A Good Idea?. Lowering1627 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Lowering the Drinking Age is a Good Idea? Lowering the drinking age to 18 in the United States has been a source of controversy in recent years. It has been a controversial topic because many people disagree, while many agree with the topic. 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Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesargument amongst Americans is determining that the current legal drinking age which is 21 should be lowered to eighteen or not. Researching the following propaganda made me understand the dangers to the youth and people in America if the drinking age were to lower. Therefore i will argue with whoever disagrees with me that the drinking age should be lowered. Id like to explain six reasons to why the drinking age should not be lowered beginning with the strongest reasons. First reason being is thatRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?853 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities around their friends to feel like they are a part of the team. Many people often wonder if the court of law stepped in and changed the age of drinking would this help the case of underage drinking. This proposed law would lower the drinking age to make the teenagers less rebellious and allow them to feel more like adults. 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Because underage drinking is a major problem for young adults, the drinking age has become a very controversial issue. In the 1990s, the drinking age was 18, but it was changed to 21 in 1984. The Federal Government informed states to choose between raising the drinking age to 21 or foregoing highway funding. This decision obviously affected 18 to 20 year olds who could no longer buy alcoholic beverages.Read MoreThe Smoking Age Should Be Legal Drinking Age1517 Words   |  7 Pagesrequiring you to be over the age of 21 to consume alcoholic beverages. This law has proved itself by saving many lives and overall just having a positive outcome in the community. People say that no matter what the age limit is kids will still drink? I completely disagree, believe it or not there’s endless ways in which it can be prevented while the drinking age remains 21. Parents make a big difference and can prevent this from happening and I have to agree 100% that the drinking age has saved hund reds ofRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?995 Words   |  4 Pages Should the legal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much reading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in college lacking in classes. The legal drinking

The Role of the Expert Witness

Questions: 1. Discuss the requirements of competence to give expert evidence and consider whether Dr Jacobs is competent to give expert evidence in the relevant field?2. In order to be produced as evidence, what information ought Dr Jacobs report contain? What are the consequences of not including all of this information in the report; can it still be relied upon in court?3. Miss Turner, the solicitor representing TAYLOR has been served with a copy of Dr Jacobs report. She would like to clarify some issues with the expert and would like to ask the expert some questions. In the circumstances, is Miss Turner allowed to ask the expert such questions and if so, how should the answers to these questions be dealt with? 4. Who determines whether expert evidence is admissible and what factors will be taken into consideration when determining its admissibility. 5. Before trial, Counsel for TAYLOR indicated that she would like to cross examine the police informant. The Judge ruled that this was not possi ble. With reference to Public Interest Immunity discuss why you think the Judge has reached this conclusion? Answers: Introduction: In the course of a criminal proceeding there are several stages like production, charge, evidence (examination in chief and cross examination), argument and judgment. During the trial the most important phrase is the evidence period. In evidence period all the relevant evidence are presented before the court and in that phrase the statements of the witnesses are recorded in order to conclude the matter. As opined by Cryer (2010), depending upon the statements made by the witness in the stage of evidence, the Judge arrives at the judgment. If it is not possible for the court to ascertain any particular matter of fact relating to the case pending before the then the court may ask for an expert advice. In other words, depending upon the expert advice and believing on the competency of the expert in relation to that matter, the court takes the advice into consideration. As argued by Jacobs and Wendel (2010), in order to convince the adjudicator in a criminal proceeding the advice given by the expert is very influential. As per the criminal procedure code of the United Kingdom, advice provided by a competent expert is considered as a good evidence and the in case of any fault in the advice is soughed then the advice may be set aside but the expert will not be liable under the prosecution. In this particular article the researcher is going to analyze the current case study where Taylor along with the other defendants based on whom the research work is going to be conducted. The researcher in this section of the article is going to analyze what are the significant approaches needed to be applied in this context. It helps in developing the legislative assistance in this respect. The researcher is going to analyze the criminal proceedings. Apart from that within the purview of this revise the role of the expert as to its advice in a criminal proceeding are also to be elaborated. 1. Requirements of competence to provide expert evidence in a criminal trial: Anyone can be an expert provided that person must have good knowledge and experience regarding any particular discipline or filed which may be expected more than a general layman. In order to reach a just and sound decision the court takes into account the advice given by a person depending upon his immense amount of knowledge regarding any particular filed with an intention to assist the court of law to understand the issues (Zheng, 2014). As argued by Sloane (2011), any person who has more knowledge and experience than a layman upon a particular field for a long period of time can be consider as an expert of that particular field. In a court preceding the expert makes available his or her knowledge to the court in order to assist the court to understand that particular matter in relation to conclude the judgment. According to the rule 702 of the Federal Rule of Witness, a person may be qualified as an expert witness by skill, knowledge, experience, training or education. It may be testified in a form of opinion or otherwise: the knowledge of the expert regarding technical, scientific or any other special knowledge will assist. the testimony is depended upon the sufficient amount of data or fact. the testimony is based on reliable method and principals. application of the reliable method or principals upon the fact. As opined by George (2009), if any person posses immense amount of knowledge and experience upon any particular field and that knowledge is beyond to be expected from a general layman then such a person may be consider as an expert of that field. An expert should have the intension to assist the court in relation to settle the disputes by eliminating the ambiguous portion of the facts pending before the court. In the case of Phillips Ors v Symes Ors, the court of law held that an advice provided to the court in relation to understand any particular matter can be taken into consideration if that advice has been given by a person who has more knowledge and experience in that filed than a general individual. The basic criteria for a person to be consider as an expert is that the person must have good knowledge and vast experience in relation to any particular field and that knowledge have to be far beyond than the other individuals. Cresswell, J. has identified the basic responsibilities of an expert witness those are;1. The advice given by the expert must be independent and uninfluenced. If there is any report from the expert then the report must be prepared with due diligence.2. An expert advice has to be unbiased and has been given with an intension to assist the court to understand the ambiguous elements.3. An expert advice should not be given by considering the role of the advocates in the proceedings.4. The facts and assumptions should be mentioned by the expert depending upon which the advice or report has been formed.5. If the any particular issue is beyond the scope of his expertise then it should be notified to the court.6. If an expert opinion is not adequately researched due to lack of sufficient data then it has to be mentioned before the court and also to be mentioned that the given opinion is not more than a provisional one.7. In an expert report the qualification as to the truth must be mentioned .8. After submission of an expert report if there is any change that is to be needed in that report then it must be communicated with the court immediately. In the case of Derby Co. Ltd. and Others v. Weldon and Others, the court of law held that good knowledge and experience forms expertise but only expertise is not sufficient to be taken into account as an expert in court proceedings but the expertise should be enough capable to eliminate the ambiguities to help the court to understand the fact by the application of the expert knowledge. Competency of Dr. Jacobs: As per the given information Dr. Jacobs have good knowledge and experience in the field of forensic science. He is doing work for last ten years into the forensic filed which is a very long period of time. Apart from that Dr. Jacobs has been specialist in relation to mobile phone forensic and he has immense knowledge and experience in the field of data recovery and GPS placement. Dr. Jacobs regularly practices the works relating to mobile data recovery, location tracking, acquisition of phone evidence etc and has been recognized as one of the best practice conducer in this field. Apart from that Dr. Jacobs has made his knowledge available to the court of law in order to decide the case with reference to the report given by him. Due to his immense experience and knowledge it can be consider that his knowledge is far beyond that to be expected from a layman. In the case of Polivitte Ltd v. Commercial Union Assurance Co. Plc, the court of law held that an opinion can be consider as an expert opinion if such an opinion is provided by person who expertise knowledge and experience in that field and such an opinion has been formed with the application of the knowledge and experience with due diligence and with proper research. Without additional knowledge than the normal layman upon any particular matter or field no person can be considered as an expert of that field. Experience of any expert indicates the nature of responsibility and credential of the expert. As opined by Jefferson (2007), if an report or advice given to the court by person who has expertise knowledge regarding that field then such a report shall be consider as an expert report or expert advice. Long experience and vast knowledge are the two basic criteria to form expertise upon any particular matter. For considering any person as an expert relating to any particular field the intension of that person in relation to assist the court upon the expertise matter is also an essential element. Apart from that the amount of responsibility vested upon that person is also taken in to consideration as to the formation of any expert advice. As argued by Garoupa (2009), expertise is constructed depending upon the knowledge and experience of the person upon the subject matter. In the legal field exert opinion is one of the most significant portion in a criminal trial. Expert report and expert advice to provided to the court with due diligence and if there is any scope of uncertainty then it has to be notified to the court of law to whom the advice or report has been provided. Hence, it has became easy to that Dr. Jacobs has all the quality to be consider as an expert in the field of mobile forensic. His experience, knowledge and regular dealings with the same kind of subject matter and his intension to assist the court in relation to eliminate the ambiguities is enough capable to convince the court to consider Dr. Jacobs as an expert of that field. 2. Information that should be provided in the expert report: As stated by DiacÃÅ'Å’ikovaÃÅ'  (2010), in a criminal trial where the adjudication is depended upon the expert advice or the expert report relating to any particular matter, the expert report should posses the followings;1. The report must be firm and constructed with due diligence and proper application of knowledge.2. If there is any scope of ambiguity or any kind of adversity then it has to be mentioned in the report.3. If the subject matter falls beyond the purview of the expertise then it has to be mentioned to the court.4. If due to insufficient data the report has not been formed proper research then it has to be mentioned in the report.5. All the information and details that leads the conclusion of the report should be provided in the report and in relation to that if there is any questionnaire or issue which has been assumed for the purpose of formation of the report then such issues and questionnaire has to be specified in the report. 6. In the case of Whitehouse v. Jordan, the court of law held that all the issues and sources should be given in every expert report. If there is any problem that has beenfaced the expert while conducting the research procedure then such issues should be mentioned in that report. Depending upon an expert report, the court forms decision regarding any particular case. So, it is the duty of the expert to mention all the facts and circumstances relating to the research and conclusion of the report.7. Green and the legal society of Scotland held observed that an expert report should be independent, uninfluenced and unbiased. All the points that lead to the final decision of the report should be specified in the report for the purpose of easy understanding and identification of the grounds of the decision by the adjudicators. In this regard the report made by Dr. Jacobs should encompass with all the facts and scenario that led Dr. Jacobs to construct the conclusion of the report by stating that between 8am to 9am that phone was located in that area where the crime has been committed. Regardless, in the report Dr. Jacobs should mention about the facts relating to the owner of the mobile phone. Before specifying the location of the mobile Dr. Jacobs should provide sufficient evidence or document regarding that the mobile phone was in the possession of Taylor while it was located in the crime spot or it would be enough that the mobile phone belongs to Taylor. As opined by Parkinson (2010), apart from the main fact in issue all the related and subsidiary facts in issue should be mentioned in the expert report because of its delicate role in the judicial system. Consequences as to exclusion of information in the expert report: As opined by PolesÃÅ'† cÃÅ'† uk and Komarov (2011), it has been observed that if an expert report is not prepared with due diligence and the entire necessary requirements are not accomplished by the expert in his report then the court of law by applying its discretionary power may set aside the expert report or may order for further formation of the report in relation to the matter in issue. The English common law has recognized that the expert report is one of the most important aspects in the evidence period of any trial. Depending upon the expert report the merit of the case is determined and the decision of the case is also get influenced by the adequate expert report. In this regard the expert report should be formed properly and if there is any uncertainty relating to the authenticity or elements of the report then the court of law may reject the application of the report (Stutsman, 2014). In the case of R v Dallagher, it is the duty of the expert to mention all relevant facts and issues in the expert report. The nature of an expert report is very delicate in the judicial system and it is an influential aspect in relation to the formation of any decision or order. Conversely, if there is any doubt regarding the contents of the report then application of that report may be a compromise with the justice, hence, it should be rejected by the court or may call for the formation of a fresh expert report. In the famous American case of Daubert v Merrell, it was observed that an expert report is enough capable to change the entire scenario of a case, especially as to the decision or order given in relation to that case. For that reason if there is any scope of ambiguity in the concern expert report then the judiciary should not accept it. Though if the report has been made with due diligence in relation to the fact in issue and all research conducted in favour of the report in a satisfactory manner then depending upon the discretionary power the court may not reject such an expert report but the court may order to mention the relevant grounds regarding the conclusion of the report. In the case of R v Gilfoyle, the court of law held that an expert report should be prepared independently and the judicial system should have faith on the credential of the expert in relation to its report but due to the delicate nature of the expert reports, if there any scope of indecency then the court may immediately reject the report but in this regard the expert cannot be brought into any legal action though if the expert found guilty under the provision of any relevant law in force then the expert may be penalized. Reliability in case of exclusion: In the case of R v Walker, it has been observed that if the expert report is prepared by the concern expert with due diligence and by the application of proper knowledge and experience and if it is showed from the contents of the report then in spite of the fact that there is some of the element is not mentioned, the reliability of the report will remain same (Trotter, 2013). As opined by Schabas (2009), if in a criminal case the expert the decision of the case is mainly depends upon the expert opinion or the expert report and from the report it has been indicated that the report has been constructed appropriately along with reasonable diligence then that report should be accepted by the court though there may be some of the elements missing. But if the report is not prepared adequately then in spite of encompassing all the facts the report should be rejected by the court. Hence, it can be said that the reliability of the report shall depend upon the procedure based upon which the report has been formed and also the necessity of the report in relation to determine the crime and the meanse rea of the case. If the contents of the report are capable to indicate the authenticity of the report then it may be accepted otherwise there is no option for the court but to reject it. 3. Miss Turner may ask the questions to the expert only at the stage of cross examination. Mostly, in the cross examination questions asked by the defence lawyer in relation to the statements made by the witness in the examination in chief, taken by the Public Prosecutor. But if there is any ambiguity relating to the document provided by the expert then the defence lawyer is entitled to ask the relevant questions. As opined by Stafford Smith (2012), all the implied and expressed statement made in the procedure of examination in chief during the evidence period of any case, are liable to be cross examined by the other side. During the process of cross examination the defence lawyer is entitled to get clarified by the witness in relation to all ambiguity relating to the statements made in the chief examination. In the case of R v Randall, the court of law held that all documents submitted by the prosecution in a criminal trial are liable to be cross examined, especially if those documents are submitted depending upon the credential of any person. The person who has formed any document and that has been submitted to the court of law for the purpose of adjudication of any particular case then such a person may be cross examined based upon such document submitted (Simon, 2012). In this regard the document that is the expert report which has been submitted to the court by the prosecution may be consider as evidence provided in chief and for that reason the law permits the defence lawyer Miss Turner to cross examine the producer of the document in relation to its contents and the procedure of its formation. Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 permits the defence lawyer to cross examine all documents submitted by the prosecution. Sec. 6A of the act specified about the defence statements in a criminal proceeding. The mentioned statute is also permits the defence to clarify all doubts regarding the documents as evidence against the accused. Sec. 6A considers all documents submitted in trial by the prosecution as the documents against the accused and it is capable of being questioned (Padfield, 2006). As argued by Emanuel (2009), any document or evidence used against the accused is liable to be crossed by the defence attorney and if there any ambiguity on the part of the accused then it may be resolved during the process of cross examination in the trial. Depending upon the evidences and the arguments the court of law forms judgment. In the case of R v Turner. Keane, the court of law observed that in the judicial system of United Kingdom, the English common law has given the right to the defence in a criminal trial to examine all statements made against the accused person and in the course of the evidence period, Ld. Attorneys are entitled to take the evidences either by examination in chief or by cross examination (Mcivor, 2013). Hence, it has became clear that the defence lawyer that is Miss Turner is entitled to question the expert in relation to the report submitted into the court as an expert report. The statements made by the expert while answering the questions of the attorney shall go into the record, depending upon which the decision shall be made by the judge. Questions to be dealt with: In this regard all questions that are to be asked by the defence attorney Miss Turner to be answered by the expert very gradually and with full authenticity by the concern expert. If there is any ambiguity regarding the contents of the report and in relation to that any question asked by Miss Turner then it has to be clarified by the expert and the expert should indicate about his clear and unambiguous knowledge regarding the subject matter (Madhloom, 2012). As opined by Fletcher and Christopher (2013), it is the responsibility of the witness to answer all the relevant questions regarding the matter in dispute and it is not only essential for clarifying the ambiguity of the accused as well as the attorney but also significant for the court as depending upon the statements of the witnesses the adjudicator pronounces the judgment. Bridge, J. stated in a number of cases that in the course of cross examination the faults and drawbacks of the investigation in criminal case can be identified by the court and the statements has large significance in the trial. It is the duty of every witness to state the words carefully as a mere mistake may change the entire scenario of the case. In the course of the cross examination it is the responsibility of the witness to clarify all ambiguities regarding the statement made in the process of examination in chief (Mackenzie, 2011). Hence, it is the duty of the expert to answer all questions asked to him by Miss Turner regarding the statements made by him before and also about the contents of the report. Even the procedure of making the report by the expert may be asked and it has to be answered by the expert in gradual manner with diligence and all answer shall be made as to the best knowledge of the expert. 4. At the time of a criminal proceeding the adjudicator is the supreme authority in relation to decide any fact or issue relating such a case. The expert report provided to the court by the prosecution is subject to the acceptance by the judge adjudicating the matter. The judge by applying the discretionary power may exclude any material from the expert report and the admittance of the expert advice is also depends upon discretion of the judge while adjudicating the matter. If at the time adjudicating a criminal preceding the judge is satisfied regarding the authenticity and the quality of the expert report then the judge may make such a report admissible in that criminal case (Juss, 2014). As opined by Herlin-Karnell (2012), in any court proceedings the supreme legal authority is the judge. Only judge has the power to apply the laws into the case pending before the court. Whether any document, report, advice or statement is admissible in a criminal case or is completely depends upon the discretion of the judge. In case of an expert report the judge may appoint an assessor for the purpose suggestions in relation to the admittance of such report but the final verdict depends upon the discretion of the court (Jefferson, 2007). In the case of R. v. Mohan, the court of held that the acceptance or admittance of any expert report is subject to the adjudication of the judge before whom the matter is pending. If the court is not satisfied with the elements and the process of formation of the report or the report has been constructed in such a manner that the point of ambiguity remain same then the judge may reject the report may call for a further report to be submitted (Herring, 2007). In the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, it has been observed by the court of law that in a court proceeding there is no one other than the judge is empowered to take decision regarding the admittance or non-admittance of any relevant document in relation to the case pending before the court. Though if necessary then by applying the discretionary power of the court an assessor may be appointed by the curt in relation to provide suggestions relating to the level of acceptability of any particular type of documents (Henham, 2009). As argued by Jackson and Summers (2012), in any court proceeding no decision can be formed by anyone other than the judge holding the adjudicating position in that case. The judge is empowered to take all the necessary decisions in relation to conclude any case pending before the court. The judicial system of United Kingdom does not permit any person but the acting judge to take decision regarding any portion of the case though advice may be taken by the court relating to any particular matter (Hamin et al., 2014). Hence, while deciding a criminal case the admittance of any expert report is completely depends upon the judge. No one is empowered other than the judge, to take any decision regarding the admissibility of the expert report in any case pending before the court. 5. The judge of the case held such a decision because of the following grounds; The Crown court has recognized the principals of Public Interest Immunity. It has been identified that in the course of investigation of a criminal case the police authority may come into an interaction with a number sensitive and delicate issue which may affect the case from the part of the prosecution or may be from the part of the accused. On the other hand, the risk of compromising with the public safety cannot be ignored. Hence any fact relating to the investigation procedure of a criminal case should not be disclosed (Hale, 2014). The crown court also held that disclosure of material fact relating to the police reports or the investigation process depends upon the merit of the case. Depending upon the scenario and the facts of the case the court may order the prosecution to show the relevant documents. The defence has the liberty to challenge the decision of the court in relation to disclosure of the documents (Grace, 2014). The provisions of the Criminal Procedure and Investigation Act 1996 states that any document relating to the police reports or the police investigation of a case should not be disclosed to the defence and the matters should be kept in the hands of the Judge and the prosecution (Gowland and Walker, 2014). Part 25 of the Criminal Procedure Rules 2005 has recognized the concept of Public Interest Immunity. In this part of the statute it is mentioned that for the purpose of public safety and for securing the merit of the case, any fact relating to the investigation of the case should not be disclosed to anyone other than the judge and the prosecution. Disclosure may cause harm to the prosecution and may inflict some sought of undue benefit to the accused. Apart from the further investigation procedure may be hampered due to disclosure of the material facts relating to the investigation of the case (Gowland and Walker, 2011). Attorney Generals Guideline of UK has specified that any disclosure as to the material fact in relation to investigation process of any case may not only cause damage to the further investigation but it is enough capable to change the way of the case and may influence the decision of the court in wrong way. All material facts relating to investigation process should be kept only to the judge and to the prosecutor (Davies, 2010). As opined by Cryer (2010), the court of appeal protocol has recognized the importance of secrecy of the material facts relating to police investigation as it may play an influential role in the investigation procedure and it may also violate the rule of the equity and justice. Disclosure of any relevant fact of the investigation procedure to the defence or to any other person apart from the judge and prosecution may affect the entire judicial procedure of the case but if there is anything mandatory to disclose then the defence lawyer may appeal before the court of law relating to such disclosure (Chalmers, 2013). Section 21 of the CPIA 1996 has introduced a new set of law by set aside the traditional common law in relation to the duty of the prosecutor to disclose the material facts relating to investigation of the case. Now the section says that there is no duty on the shoulders of the prosecution to disclose the materials relating to police investigation even on the demand of the documents by the defence the prosecution is bound to provide it (Arnell, 2013). On the other hand, section 7A (8) of the CPIA 1996 states that the prosecution should not disclose any relevant document to the defence without the prior permission of the court in such regard. By the order of the court the prosecutor should disclose the material facts of investigation of the case (Emsley, 2008). As stated by Schabas (2009), disclosure of any fact relating it police investigation may cause damage to the secret cources of the police, the method of investigation, the current position of investigation and also to the public interest as all these elements are not only concern about a single case rather it will harm the future investigation process on other cases. It could be a great drawback for the public interest (Naughton, 2010). In the case of Conway v Rimmer, the House of Lords observed that Public Interest Immunity should have the upper hand in every criminal proceeding. Not only for the interest of the public equity nut also for the purpose of protecting the fundamentals of the case pending before the court, any material fact in relation to the investigation procedure conducted by the police should not be disclosed to any person other than the judge and the prosecutor (Bohlander, 2009). Conclusion: After the above discussion it can be summarized that in a criminal case the role of an expert witness is one of the most important elements. The credential of the expert depends upon the accomplishment of the rules framed by various laws of the nation. The discretion of the court has the supreme power to adjudicate the merit of the case along with the admittance of the relevant documents in relation to the case pending before the court of law. At the last the application of the rule of Public Interest Immunity (PII) upon the case has superiority over the other facts. References Books: Bohlander, M. (2009).Principles of German criminal law. 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